国际能源署-CCUS政策和商业模式：建立商业市场（英）-2023-123页_4mb

报告摘要

CCUS Policies and Business Models Summary

CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage) is a key technology for achieving global net-zero emissions by 2050. While momentum is growing, deployment remains limited due to policy gaps and business model challenges. Below is a summary of the key findings.

Introduction

CCUS addresses emissions in hard-to-abate sectors like cement, steel, and chemicals, enabling cost-effective decarbonization.
Current deployment is concentrated in low-cost applications (e.g., natural gas processing), but scaling to meet net-zero goals requires diversifying into higher-cost sectors.

Policy Trends

Key Policies: Enabling legal frameworks and cost reduction measures (grants, tax credits, state-owned enterprises) are foundational for CCUS deployment.
Diversifying Support: Countries are blending policies like carbon pricing, strategic signalling, and revenue support to create sustainable markets.
Gaps: Limited revenue streams beyond EOR, underdeveloped demand for low-emission products enabled by CCUS, and regulatory gaps for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) persist.

Business Model Trends

Shift to Part-Chain Models: From full-chain to specialized entities for capture, transport, and storage, enhancing efficiency and reducing risks.
Revenue Streams: Diversification through CO₂ utilisation, carbon pricing, and voluntary carbon markets is critical for economic viability.
Innovation: Emerging technologies (e.g., DAC, BECCS) require urgent development to bridge the technology readiness gap.

Challenges

Economic Viability: High costs remain a barrier, especially in sectors like cement and steel, where CCUS lacks competitive revenue streams.
Long Lead Times: Storage resource development and permitting processes are time-consuming, delaying project deployment.
Innovation Gap: Many technologies at scale (e.g., capture, transport) are outdated, requiring demonstration projects for advancement.
Project Complexity: Coordinating hubs and cross-border infrastructure introduces risks, necessitating streamlined policies.

Policy Toolkit

Governments must address challenges through a combination of policies:

Cost Reduction: Grants, tax credits, and SOEs to lower upfront investment.
Regulation: Carbon pricing and leakage policies to incentivize investment.
Revenue Support: Contracts-for-difference (CfDs) and regulated asset bases for infrastructure.
International Collaboration: Aligning standards for CDR, data sharing, and funding for emerging economies.

Recommendations

Prioritize enabling legislation and regulatory frameworks for cross-border CO₂ storage.
Accelerate innovation for high-potential CCUS applications (e.g., DAC, hydrogen production).
Deploy phased approaches for hubs to reduce lead times and risks.
Enhance international funding mechanisms to support CCUS in EMDEs.

CCUS is essential for achieving net-zero, but its deployment must be accelerated through tailored policy mixes and business models.

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