世界粮食和农业生物多样性状况（英文版）-联合国粮食及农业组织_573页_18mb

The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (2019) Summary

Core Content

The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (SOFA) report, published by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2019, provides a comprehensive assessment of the current status, drivers, and management practices of biodiversity for food and agriculture (BFA). The report is divided into five main parts, each addressing different aspects of BFA, from its importance and status to its management and policy frameworks.

Main Viewpoints

Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (BFA)

• BFA encompasses all living organisms that contribute directly or indirectly to food and agriculture, including plants, animals, forests, aquatic species, and associated biodiversity.
• It plays a critical role in ecosystem services, resilience, sustainable intensification, livelihoods, and food security and nutrition.
• BFA supports pollination, pest and disease regulation, soil health, water regulation, and climate resilience.

Drivers of Change

• Economic and social drivers: Population growth, urbanization, market dynamics, and sociopolitical changes are major factors affecting BFA.
• Environmental drivers: Climate change, natural disasters, and invasive species pose significant threats to BFA.
• Technological and scientific advances: Innovations in science and technology are both a challenge and an opportunity for BFA.
• Production system changes: Alterations in land and water use, pollution, and overexploitation impact the status and trends of BFA.

Status and Trends

• The status of plant, animal, forest, and aquatic genetic resources is generally declining due to habitat loss, climate change, and unsustainable practices.
• Wild foods are under threat, with many species facing extinction or loss of knowledge.
• Ecosystems such as wetlands, mangroves, seagrasses, coral reefs, and forests are critical for BFA but are experiencing degradation.
• Pollinators and soil biodiversity are particularly vulnerable, with declines observed globally.

Key Information

Part A: Overview

• Introduces the concept of BFA and its relevance to global food systems and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Highlights the importance of BFA in promoting resilience, sustainable intensification, and livelihoods.
• Discusses key concepts such as ecosystem services, biodiversity management, and the role of traditional knowledge.

Part B: Drivers, Status and Trends

• Economic and social drivers:
  • Population growth and urbanization reduce the availability of land for agriculture and biodiversity.
  • Market and trade dynamics influence the use and conservation of BFA.
• Environmental drivers:
  • Climate change affects the distribution and survival of BFA species.
  • Natural disasters, such as droughts and floods, have significant impacts on BFA.
  • Invasive species and pests threaten ecosystem services and biodiversity.
• Scientific and technological innovations:
  • These offer tools for better management and conservation but also pose risks if not used sustainably.
• Production system changes:
  • Changes in land and water use, pollution, and overexploitation are major threats to BFA.
• Policy and legal frameworks:
  • International and national policies are essential for BFA conservation and sustainable use.
  • Access and benefit-sharing mechanisms are critical for equitable use of genetic resources.

Part C: State of Management

• Management practices:
  • Ecosystem, landscape, and seascape approaches are promoted for sustainable use of BFA.
  • Agroecology, conservation agriculture, and integrated pest management are key strategies.
• Restoration efforts:
  • Wetlands, forests, and aquatic ecosystems are being restored to enhance BFA.
• Diversification:
  • Integrated crop-livestock systems, home gardens, and agroforestry support biodiversity and food security.
• Soil and microbial biodiversity:
  • Soil biodiversity is crucial for nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration.
  • Microbial diversity in livestock and food processing contributes to sustainability and resilience.
• Genetic improvement:
  • Domestication and broadening genetic bases are important for crop and animal improvement.
  • Assisted evolution is being explored for coral reef restoration.

Part D: Enabling Frameworks

• Policies, institutions, and capacities:
  • Effective policies and institutions are necessary for the management and conservation of BFA.
  • FAO's Voluntary Guidelines and IUCN's Green List support biodiversity conservation.
• Education and awareness:
  • Training and awareness-raising are vital for promoting BFA.
• Research and valuation:
  • Research is essential for understanding and managing BFA.
  • Valuation of BFA supports its integration into national and international policies.
• Incentives:
  • Financial and policy incentives promote sustainable practices and biodiversity conservation.
• Traditional knowledge:
  • Indigenous and traditional knowledge systems are important for BFA conservation and use.

Part E: Conclusions

• Needs and challenges:
  • BFA faces multiple challenges, including habitat loss, climate change, and unsustainable practices.
  • There is a need for stronger policy frameworks, improved monitoring, and increased investment in BFA.
• Toward a sustainable future:
  • The report emphasizes the importance of promoting agroecology, conservation agriculture, and biodiversity-friendly policies.
  • Community-based approaches, international cooperation, and capacity building are highlighted as key strategies.

Key Priorities and Recommendations

• Strengthen policy and legal frameworks for BFA.
• Promote sustainable land and water use practices.
• Enhance monitoring and data collection on BFA.
• Support traditional knowledge and community-based conservation.
• Encourage research and innovation in BFA.
• Foster international collaboration and capacity building.
• Implement incentives for sustainable agriculture and biodiversity management.

Conclusion

The report underscores the vital role of biodiversity in ensuring food security, nutrition, and sustainable agricultural practices. It highlights the urgent need for integrated, inclusive, and science-based approaches to manage and conserve BFA in the face of growing global challenges. The findings call for a paradigm shift toward more diverse and resilient food systems that value and protect the natural resources that underpin them.