2018贸易概况（英文版）-12mb

报告摘要

Trade Profiles 2018 Summary

Core Content

The Trade Profiles 2018 publication provides detailed trade statistics for 197 economies, including merchandise trade flows, trade in commercial services, and industrial property indicators. The data is sourced from the WTO Secretariat and external institutions, and is presented in a standardized and visualized format for easy comparison.

Main Sections

Introduction
- Overview of the publication, including its purpose and the data sources used.
- Trade Profiles cover key indicators such as GDP, GDP per capita, current account balance, trade per capita, and trade to GDP ratio.
- The publication includes information on merchandise trade, commercial services, and industrial property.
Technical Notes
- Defines key terms and methodologies:
  - GDP is measured in nominal terms and using market exchange rates.
  - GDP per capita is calculated based on data for the three latest years.
  - Current account balance is the sum of net exports, net primary income, and net secondary income divided by GDP.
  - Trade per capita is the average of exports and imports divided by population.
  - Trade to GDP ratio is the average of exports and imports divided by GDP.
  - Ranks in world trade are defined with the EU (28) as a single entity.
Trade Profiles
- Each profile provides a snapshot of an economy's trade performance and is organized into four sections:
  - Economic Overview: GDP, GDP per capita, current account balance, trade per capita, and trade to GDP ratio.
  - Merchandise Trade: Breakdown of exports and imports by product category (agricultural, fuels and mining, and manufactures).
  - Trade in Commercial Services: Breakdown of services trade by item (transport, travel, other commercial services, and goods-related services).
  - Industrial Property: Annual number of patent, trademark, and industrial design applications by residents and non-residents.

Key Indicators

Merchandise Trade: Includes breakdowns by main commodity group and major origins/destinations.
Trade in Commercial Services: Based on Balance of Payments statistics, with breakdowns by main service item.
Industrial Property: Annual applications for patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.

Technical Definitions

Agricultural Products: Defined as food (SITC Rev. 3 sections 0, 1, 4 and division 22) and raw materials (SITC Rev. 3 divisions 21, 23, 24, 25, and 26), differing from the WTO Agreement on Agriculture definition.
Fuels and Mining Products: Include ores and other minerals, fuels, and nonferrous metals.
Manufactures: Cover iron and steel, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, and other consumer goods.
Commercial Services: Total services minus government goods and services.
FATS (Foreign Affiliates Statistics): Data on foreign affiliates where foreign investors own more than 50% of voting power. Sales are measured as gross operating revenues, less rebates, discounts, and returns.

Data Sources

Eurostat
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Trade Centre (ITC)
OECD
UN Statistics Division
UN Commodity Trade Statistics Database
UNCTAD
WIPO
WTO
National statistics

Notes

Minor discrepancies are due to rounding.
Annual average percentage changes are calculated using geometric averages.
In case of data unavailability for 2017, the average is calculated from 2010 to the latest available year.
All value figures are expressed in U.S. dollars.
Trade figures include intra-trade of free trade areas, customs unions, and other groups.
Merchandise trade is based on customs statistics.
Exports are on an f.o.b. basis, while imports are on a c.i.f. basis.
Data for the latest year is provisional.
The publication is under the responsibility of the relevant statistical authorities.

EU (28) Note

The EU (28) is treated as a single entity in trade rankings.
The EU (28) members include all 28 countries as of July 2013.

Example: Afghanistan

GDP (2017): 20,889 million US$
GDP per capita (2015-2017): 591 US$
Current account balance (2017): 1.6% of GDP
Trade per capita (2015-2017): 133 US$
Trade to GDP ratio (2015-2017): 22.5%
Merchandise Exports (2017): 780 million US$ (f.o.b.)
Merchandise Imports (2017): 7,700 million US$ (c.i.f.)
Share in World Total Exports (2017): 0.00%
Share in World Total Imports (2017): 0.04%
Top Exported Agricultural Products (2016):
- HS0806: Grapes, fresh or dried (96 million US$)
- HS1302: Vegetable saps and extracts (86 million US$)
- HS0802: Other nuts, fresh or dried (56 million US$)
- HS0804: Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados (34 million US$)
- HS1007: Grain sorghum (33 million US$)
Top Imported Agricultural Products (2016):
- HS1101: Wheat or meslin flour (664 million US$)
- HS1518: Animal or vegetable fats and oils (316 million US$)
- HS0902: Tea (90 million US$)
- HS1701: Cane or beet sugar (62 million US$)
- HS8474: Machinery for sorting, screening (229 million US$)
Top Exported Non-Agricultural Products (2016):
- HS5701: Textile floor covering, knotted (39 million US$)
- HS2515: Marble, travertine, ecaussine (5 million US$)
- HS2611: Tungsten ores and concentrates (0.2 million US$)
- HS4803: Toilet or facial tissue stock (0.1 million US$)
- HS2516: Granite, porphyry, basalt (1 million US$)
Top Imported Non-Agricultural Products (2016):
- HS2703: Peat (including peat litter) (598 million US$)
- HS5808: Braids and ornamental trimmings (335 million US$)
- HS2711: Petroleum gases (296 million US$)
- HS9028: Gas, liquid or electricity supply (261 million US$)
- HS8474: Machinery for sorting, screening (229 million US$)
Trade in Commercial Services:
- Exports (2017): 324 million US$
- Imports (2017): 1,516 million US$
- Share in World Total Exports (2017): 0.01%
- Share in World Total Imports (2017): 0.03%
Breakdown by Service Item (2017):
- Exports: Transport (8.1%), Travel (0.2%), Other commercial services (91.7%), Goods-related services (0%)
- Imports: Transport (74.9%), Travel (6.9%), Other commercial services (17.5%), Goods-related services (0.7%)
FATS Sales:
- Inward (2017): Not available
- Outward (2017): Not available
Industrial Property:
- Data includes patent, trademark, and industrial design applications by residents and non-residents, recorded by filing offices.

Example: Albania

GDP (2017): 13,181 million US$
GDP per capita (2015-2017): 4,215 US$
Current account balance (2017): -7.2% of GDP
Trade per capita (2015-2017): 1,563 US$
Trade to GDP ratio (2015-2017): 37.1%
Merchandise Exports (2017): 2,301 million US$ (f.o.b.)
Merchandise Imports (2017): 5,294 million US$ (c.i.f.)
Share in World Total Exports (2017): 0.01%
Share in World Total Imports (2017): 0.03%
Top Exported Agricultural Products (2017):
- HS0702: Tomatoes, fresh or chilled (25 million US$)
- HS1211: Plants and parts of plants (17 million US$)
- HS2005: Other vegetables not frozen (9 million US$)
- HS0707: Cucumbers and gherkins (7 million US$)
- HS4101: Raw hides and skins of bovine (6 million US$)
Top Imported Agricultural Products (2017):
- HS1005: Maize (corn) (111 million US$)
- HS1905: Bread, pastry, other bakers' wares (37 million US$)
- HS1001: Wheat and meslin (27 million US$)
- HS2202: Waters containing added sugar (25 million US$)
- HS0901: Coffee (24 million US$)
Top Exported Non-Agricultural Products (2017):
- HS6406: Parts of footwear (180 million US$)
- HS6403: Footwear, uppers of leather (168 million US$)
- HS6203: Men's or boys' suits (131 million US$)
- HS2610: Chromium ores and concentrates (86 million US$)
- HS7214: Other iron bar not further worked (55 million US$)
Top Imported Non-Agricultural Products (2017):
- HS2716: Electrical energy (564 million US$)
- HS8703: Motor cars for transport of persons (201 million US$)
- HS2710: Petroleum oils, other than crude (135 million US$)
- HS3004: Medicaments in measured doses (119 million US$)
- HS4107: Bovine or equine-animals' leather (90 million US$)
Trade in Commercial Services:
- Exports (2017): 180 million US$
- Imports (2017): 1,135 million US$
FATS Sales:
- Inward (2017): Not available
- Outward (2017): Not available
Industrial Property:
- Annual applications for patents, trademarks, and industrial designs are recorded by filing offices.

Conclusion

The Trade Profiles 2018 publication is a comprehensive resource for trade data across various economies, offering insights into trade performance, product composition, and service trade. It is essential for policymakers, researchers, and businesses seeking to understand global trade dynamics and economic indicators.

展开完整摘要