2011年-世界发展银行全球_Horticulture_Exports_from_Ghana___A_Strategic_Study_214页_3mb

Summary of "Horticulture Exports from Ghana: A Strategic Study"

Core Content

This report is a strategic study on Ghana's horticulture exports to the European Union (EU), prepared by the World Bank in collaboration with the Ministry of Food and Agriculture of Ghana and the European Union All ACP Agricultural Commodities Programme (EU-AAACP). It outlines the evolution of the horticultural export cluster since 2003, identifies key challenges, and proposes a strategy for its future development.

Main Points

1. Sector Overview

• Ghana has developed a significant export of fresh produce to Europe over the past two decades.
• Key exports include bananas, pineapples, mangoes, papaya, yams, and other vegetables.
• The European Union imported nearly 90,000 tonnes of fresh produce from Ghana in 2007, earning the country around €80 million in CIF value.

2. Sector Evolution (2003-2008)

• Key Changes:

  • Golden Exotics Ltd, a subsidiary of Compagnie Fruitière, became a dominant player, responsible for 88% of banana exports and 40% of fresh pineapple exports.
  • Chiquita abandoned its banana investment in Ghana due to lack of interest and shifted focus to Angola and Mozambique.
  • Local investments included improved planting stock, mango cultivation, and cold storage facilities.
  • Banana exports expanded from below 5,000 tonnes to around 35,000 tonnes.
  • The European demand shifted from traditional Smooth Cayenne pineapples to the MD2 variety, which requires more inputs and higher management standards.
  • Smallholder pineapple producers were severely affected due to the loss of market for Smooth Cayenne and the lack of support for transitioning to MD2.
  • Farmapine, a smallholder-owned export operation, ceased operations.
  • HEII completed the refurbishment of Shed 9 at the Tema seaport, enhancing cold storage and logistics infrastructure.
  • On-farm pack houses and cooling facilities were installed by some private players.
  • Fair Trade certification became a common strategy for remaining pineapple exporters to maintain access to European markets.
  • GlobalGAP standards were widely adopted to meet European retail requirements.

• Donor and Program Support:

  • The HEII program played a crucial role in restructuring the sector and improving logistics.
  • EMQAP (Export Marketing and Quality Awareness Project), funded by the African Development Bank, was established as a successor to HEII.
  • TIPCEE (Trade and Investment Program for a Competitive Export Economy) supported industry transformation and shared data with researchers.
  • The Millennium Challenge Fund (MCF) initiated a $547 million program in Ghana, including a strong agricultural transformation component.
  • GHPPP (Ghana Private Public Partnership Food Industry Development Programme) and FASDEP II (Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy II) were key policy instruments.

3. Market Trends and EU Demand

• The EU market for fresh produce has seen growth, particularly in capsicums, ravaya, yams, and cassava.
• Bananas and pineapples remain the most significant exports, although pineapple exports declined due to the shift in demand.
• EU imports of bananas increased from 3,458 tonnes in 2001 to 33,404 tonnes in 2007, showing a 23% growth.
• EU imports of pineapples grew by 121%, but the share of Ghanaian pineapples in the EU market dropped from 8.86% to 4.28%.
• EU imports of capsicums grew by 41%, with Ghana's share rising from 1.64% to 8.22%.
• EU imports of yams increased from 16,197 tonnes in 2001 to 21,268 tonnes in 2007, with Ghana's share rising from 47.88% to 51.95%.
• EU imports of cassava grew by 173%, with Ghana's share increasing from 1.37% to 8.90%.
• EU imports of sweet potatoes declined slightly, with Ghana's share dropping from 0.32% to 0.05%.

4. Challenges and Constraints

• Market Shifts: European demand shifted from traditional to premium varieties, leading to reduced competitiveness for Ghanaian producers.
• Private Standards: European retailers introduced stricter quality and safety standards, requiring significant investments in infrastructure and training.
• Smallholder Impact: Many smallholder producers were unable to adapt to the new requirements and lost market access.
• Infrastructure Gaps: Despite improvements, logistics and cold chain infrastructure remain a bottleneck for export competitiveness.
• Policy and Trade Agreements: New EU policies and trade agreements have influenced the market, requiring strategic alignment from Ghana.

5. Recommended Actions and Strategy Development

• A two-step project was designed to first assess the sector's evolution and then develop a strategy for its future growth.
• The strategy aims to enhance the market presence of Ghanaian horticultural products in the EU, improve quality and compliance, and support smallholder producers.
• Collaborative efforts between the public and private sectors are essential for the success of the strategy.
• Continued donor support is critical for infrastructure development, training, and market access.

Key Information

• Ghana's horticulture export sector has evolved significantly since 2003, with changes in crop production, export infrastructure, and market access.
• European demand for horticultural products has become more selective, favoring premium varieties and high-quality standards.
• HEII and EMQAP were pivotal in restructuring the sector and improving its competitiveness.
• TIPCEE and GHPPP have been instrumental in supporting the transition to more sustainable and export-oriented practices.
• Fair Trade and GlobalGAP standards have become necessary for maintaining access to European markets.
• Smallholder producers have been disproportionately affected by the shift in demand and market requirements.
• The report emphasizes the need for a national strategy that integrates policy, infrastructure, investment, and support to realize the full potential of Ghana's horticultural exports.

Structure

• Part I: Scoping Review (2003-2008) – Assesses the sector's evolution and identifies key issues.
• Part II: Recommended Actions – Defines a strategic vision and actionable steps for the industry.
• Part III: Background Papers – Provides detailed research and analysis to support the strategy.

Annexes

• Annex I: Lists donor programs and their roles in supporting the horticulture sector.
• Annex II: Outlines overall EU market trends.
• Annex III: Examines the impact of EU policy on Ghana's horticultural imports.
• Annex IV: Discusses the standards imposed by European retailers on imports from Ghana.
• Annex V: Provides a bibliography of relevant studies and reports.

This report serves as a foundation for developing a comprehensive and sustainable strategy for Ghana's horticultural export industry, particularly in the context of the EU market.