IUPUI：2023年全球慈善追踪报告_80页_72mb

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 01 Introduction
The report provides an overview of cross-border philanthropic outflows from 47 countries in 2020 and the most recent available data. It measures philanthropic giving alongside official development assistance (ODA), remittances, and private capital investment (PCI) to assess their roles in addressing global challenges. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and global crises, philanthropy proved resilient. The 47 countries collectively contributed over USD 70 billion in philanthropic outflows in 2020, demonstrating the sector's importance in crisis response.

Key findings highlight economic disparities, the impact of the pandemic on different resource flows, and opportunities for improving cross-border giving. The report emphasizes data transparency, regional collaborations, and innovative giving mechanisms to enhance philanthropy's effectiveness.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 02 Key Findings
Total cross-resource flows from 47 countries in 2020 reached approximately USD 841 billion, with remittances being the largest component (USD 590 billion), followed by ODA (USD 180 billion), philanthropy (USD 70 billion), and private capital investment (USD 0.4 billion). Remittances experienced the largest increase (+19%) compared to 2018, while philanthropic outflows saw a modest growth (+0.5%). High-income countries dominated these flows, accounting for over USD 795 billion.

The study tracked philanthropic outflows from low-income and lower-middle income countries, which saw a small increase (+11%), with India experiencing the largest growth. Ukraine, included as the only low-income country, showed a significant rise in philanthropy, though data limitations exist for many nations.

By way of regional analysis, Africa remained the most frequent recipient region. Education and health constituted the top charitable causes receiving cross-border donations. The report calls for better data tracking for niche areas like climate change and racial justice.

Philanthropic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic included large-scale donations and the adoption of innovations like cryptocurrency giving in Ukraine. Cross-border volunteering saw disruptions due to travel restrictions, but opportunities remain for emergency response.

Legal environments for cross-border flows remain restrictive in many places, particularly concerning diaspora involvement. International efforts are needed to establish common data standards and mechanisms to capture and validate new philanthropic models.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 03 Spotlight on Giving to Ukraine
The Russian invasion in February 2022 significantly increased philanthropic support for Ukraine, with over USD 1.6 billion in grants and pledges by mid-2023. The country attracted diverse giving, including major cryptocurrency contributions through localized platforms, supporting both humanitarian aid and military relief.

Domestic philanthropy in Ukraine also surged, with community engagement via platforms like UNbroken and Platforma Sumska providing medical aid. Challenges include bureaucratic hurdles for local NGOs receiving foreign funds, though diaspora communities and international organizations played key roles.

High volunteerism rates and national fundraising efforts mobilized aid effectively, particularly through government channels and crowdfunding. However, uneven data collection and international regulatory barriers hampered comprehensive tracking of the full scope of support.

Thousands of Ukrainian individuals have participated in cross-border philanthropy as volunteers or donors to organizations both within Ukraine and abroad.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 04 Changes in Philanthropic Outflows Since 2018
Compared to 2018, philanthropic outflows from 47 countries remained relatively stable, offsetting slight decreases in PCI and ODA. Remittances experienced substantial growth, driven by counter-cyclical nature and improved formal channels.

Net official development assistance (ODA) decreased slightly by 1%, totaling USD 180 billion. Countries like the United States, Japan, and Türkiye saw significant drops in ODA as a percentage of GNI, reflecting shifts in economic priorities.

Private capital investment plummeted due to global economic recession and reduced foreign direct investment, dropping by 100% from USD 112 billion to USD 0.4 billion. Higher-income countries still dominated these non-profit flows.

Despite overall stability, many regions saw moderated private giving compared to pre-pandemic conditions.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 05 Part II Cross-Border Philanthropy by Charitable Causes
Charitable causes most commonly supported by cross-border philanthropy were education and health, as in 2018. Other top causes included religion, humanitarian aid, and international affairs.

Few countries reported comprehensive data on racial justice giving, though climate-focused philanthropy saw growth among large foundations. Cryptocurrency donations offered fast relief during crises like the Ukraine invasion and earthquakes in Turkey and Syria.

COVID-19 pandemic spurred billions in global giving, exceeding ¥256 million by WHO alone. Mobilization included innovative approaches like volunteer-driven book drives and local fundraising campaigns.

Philanthropy fostered transnational solidarity during unparalleled humanitarian crises, though barriers to data availability restrict full impact analysis.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 06 Spotlight on Giving to Ukraine II
In 2020-2023, Ukraine experienced substantial growth in cross-border philanthropy following the full-scale Russian invasion. The country's regulatory environment, favoring in-kind tax exemptions on foreign donations, facilitated international support.

Top givings included massive cryptocurrency contributions (over USD 70 million by February 2023), large individual and foundation grants, and military aid supporting Ukraine's defense. Crowdfunding also played a major role, with the National Bank of Ukraine's banking platform facilitating over USD 25 million in direct transfers.

Diaspora communities contributed significantly but faced regulatory restrictions, especially crypto-giving in Turkey. Platforms like GoFundMe and Airbnb enabled rapid response from outside the conflict zone.

Efforts to coordinate and leverage global networks for effective aid delivery remain critical, though current tracking mechanisms prove inadequate for comprehensive analysis of the full scope of giving.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 07 Suggestions
The report proposes three main opportunities to enhance cross-border philanthropy: enhancing local philanthropic ecosystems through regional collaborations, establishing mechanisms to mobilize local philanthropy for global challenges, and developing international standards for data tracking with improved transparency on emerging issues.

Cross-border giving can flourish when volunteers and organizations collaborate within supportive legal frameworks. International coordination is needed to align data collection across different resource flows and income levels to improve transparency and accountability.

Better measurements of climate and racial justice giving should be prioritized to inform policy planning and targeted interventions.

Effective cross-border philanthropy requires robust data collection, harmonized definitions across regions, and adaptive frameworks to track innovative giving mechanisms.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 08 What Does the Report Measure?
The tracker measures four key resource flows: cross-border philanthropy, official development assistance (ODA), individual remittances, and private capital investment. All data have been adjusted to 2020 US dollars to ensure comparability across countries and years.

Philanthropy is broadly defined as private contributions for public good, whether domestic or international. High-income countries account for the vast majority of cross-border flow givers, contributing over USD 795 billion collectively.

Data limitations exist for many low and middle-income countries, with only 14 out of 47 nations providing detailed philanthropic outflow information. Collection methodologies vary widely, making direct national comparisons difficult in certain regions.

Ethnic conflicts and regulatory barriers like anti-money laundering regulations affect cross-border movements of private resources, particularly for crypto assets.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 09 Data in Context: Setting the Stage
Global crises in 2019–2020—including racial justice movements, COVID-19 pandemic, climate disasters, and conflicts—provided opportunities for cross-border philanthropy to demonstrate its resilience and innovation.

The report contextualizes these events, noting that global challenges have amplified the need for transnational collaboration and robust tracking of philanthropic engagement. Initiatives ranging from climate-focused philanthropy to massive humanitarian fundraising campaigns highlight the sector's capacity for rapid response.

For example, the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests inspired unprecedented racial justice funding worldwide, while the COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund raised historic levels of donations to WHO's efforts.

Tracking these developments requires consistently measured cross-border data, which remains elusive in many parts of the world.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 10 Spotlight on Giving to Ukraine III
Since the Russian invasion began in February 2022, Ukraine has seen unprecedented levels of cross-border generosity. Private capital investment played a vital role in sustaining these efforts, enabling resilience despite public sector funding constraints.

Digital giving platforms allowed for transparent, targeted distribution. Major foundations and universities launched emergency funds to supplement government aid, while small organizations played critical roles at the grassroots level.

Crypto donations and volunteer-driven relief operations fill gaps within traditional systems. These innovative approaches have proven essential to the war effort, overcoming bureaucratic bottlenecks and financial restrictions.

Efforts to ensure the effective deployment and equitable distribution of international humanitarian resources must continue evolving to meet future challenges.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 11 Total Cross-Border Resource Flows
Total cross-border resources from 47 countries in 2020 reached roughly USD 841 billion. Remittances accounted for 70% of these flows, followed by ODA (21%) and philanthropic outflows (8%). Remittances grew 4% nominally to USD 590 billion, driven by favorable economic conditions and formalization of transfer channels.

PCI drops were most severe, reflecting pandemic-related market volatility. High-income nations collectively led these flows, while the economic landscape of upper-middle and lower-middle-income countries continued to evolve significantly.

Comparatively, 2020 saw slightly less overall flow than 2018 when adjusted for inflation (-2%), but private resource channels maintained or increased their market share despite global headwinds. This underscores their growing importance in development funding.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 12 Suggestions II
Recommendations focus on building local giving capacity through tailored programs for different regions while maintaining global coordination.

Enhancements should include creating varied giving pathways accounting for economic, political, and cultural contexts—especially in conflict zones. Strengthening regulatory frameworks without unduly restricting legitimacy for legitimate cross-border charitable activities remains critical.

Promoting volunteerism and skill-based giving could expand philanthropic impact, especially during emergencies. Meanwhile, standardizing data definitions and collection methods will improve transparency and accountability mechanisms worldwide.

Future progress relies on balancing innovation in giving approaches with the preservation of international enabling environments for cross-border philanthropy.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 13 Spotlight on Global Philanthropic Responses towards the Fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic created both challenges and opportunities for cross-border giving. Global fundraising campaigns mobilized an unprecedented response, particularly through the WHO's solidarity fund and multilateral institutions.

Vaccine distribution, large-scale medical procurement, and emergency relief efforts were major focus areas. Small foundations and individual donors contributed significantly alongside large institutional philanthropy, often supporting hyper-local projects.

Technology accelerated philanthropic adaptability—contactless giving, online crowdfunding, and digital volunteer coordination enabled responses even under lockdown conditions.

Experiences during COVID revealed the need for more resilient and coordinated systems to channel resources efficiently during global health emergencies.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 14 Opportunities and Challenges of Giving to Ukraine III
The response to the Ukraine crisis demonstrated cross-sectional giving's capacity when marshalled effectively. Digital fundraising tools allowed real-time mobilization, while established foundations provided crucial early-stage funding.

Event-based giving constraints limited sustained contributions, but innovative finance solutions like crypto assets and pooled emergency funds helped bridge gaps. Diaspora fundraising also played a vital role, though remains underreported in most national statistics.

Ensuring effective aid delivery required balancing speed and security. Strengthening tracking mechanisms to assess impact and maintain transparency remains an ongoing challenge.

Philanthropy proved essential to civilian resilience during wartime, highlighting its potential for future crisis response mechanisms.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 15 A. Legal Environment for Cross-Border Philanthropy
Legal frameworks for cross-border philanthropy vary significantly by jurisdiction, affecting donation flows worldwide. Much of the research indicates that restrictions pose considerable obstacles, especially for diaspora and crypto philanthropy.

Simplified tax reporting and streamlined registration systems remain elusive for many nations yet vital prerequisites for efficient transnational giving. Anti-money laundering measures frequently increase compliance burdens without necessarily enhancing collective security.

Successful jurisdictions like North Macedonia minimize administrative barriers, facilitating legitimate charitable cross-border transfers. In contrast, Hungary's transparency law offers harsh penalties for noncompliance, potentially inhibiting international support.

Improving giving infrastructure requires both local initiative and international collaboration to overcome legal fragmentation.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 16 B. Philanthropic Outflows by Donor Countries’ Income Level
Comparing giving across income groups reveals stark patterns. High-income countries lead not only in volume but also consistently exhibit above-threshold giving as a percentage of GNI—most exceed the OECD 0.7% target.

Upper-middle-income countries like Hungary and Türkiye made significant progress in recent years, particularly in meeting common international benchmarks and expanding infrastructure. Middle-income nations face challenges in balancing growth with inclusivity.

Low and lower-middle-income countries show potential for growth but suffer from inadequate data and infrastructure limitations. International support mechanisms could accelerate their capacity to engage in cross-border philanthropy.

Hyper-growth among private capital flows continues limited globally, though recent downturns suggest vulnerability to macroeconomic shifts.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 17 C. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
UN Sustainable Development Goals require trillions in funding beyond what traditional development financing channels alone can provide. Meeting these targets by 2030 demands leveraging all available resources, including unprecedented philanthropic commitment.

Better data coordination is crucial to track specific philanthropic contributions to SDG targets. Major foundations increasingly align their strategies with these goals, while new tools like the SDG Philanthropy Platform help translate organizational missions into UN framework compatibility.

Awareness gaps persist for lesser-covered goals like climate action. Enhanced transparency mechanisms and inclusive funding approaches are essential to prevent leaving these critical areas under-resourced.

Cross-border collaboration among philanthropic actors aligns with SDG principles yet requires improved policy frameworks and resource mobilization strategies at the country level.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 18 D. Cross-Border Philanthropy by Charitable Causes II
Education and health rank among the most generously supported charitable causes globally. However, emerging needs like climate change and racial justice remain severely underfunded, both domestically and transnationally.

Cryptocurrency donations gained prominence in crisis response but face volatility and regulatory uncertainty. Crowdfunding platforms proved essential during emergencies but necessitate consumer protection against fraudulent schemes.

Cause-specific data varies drastically by geographic region. Major powers like China and the United States have robust environmental giving, yet smaller nations show high concentration in niche areas like social justice.

Better tracking mechanisms could illuminate unmet needs and drive strategic philanthropic alignment toward pressing global challenges.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 19 E. Recipients of Cross-Border Philanthropy by Region II
Africa absorbs the largest volume of cross-border charitable outflows relative to its GDP. Despite this, reliable data remain scarce—official reporting often lacks granular detail or consistent methodologies.

Middle Eastern and Asian countries frequently serve as remittance corridors despite facing political and economic instability. European nations, while net receivers, also contribute significantly as donors, particularly in higher-education and health-related causes.

Recipient regions with the richest data ecosystems demonstrate targeted giving across development indicators. However, gaps in transparency prevent comprehensive understanding of how charitable resources address specific needs.

Validation mechanisms must improve to ensure accurate tracking of intended versus actual outcomes in development-focused giving.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 20 F. Cross-Border Volunteering II
Volunteering plays an crucial yet undercounted role in cross-border philanthropy. Digital platforms have enabled unprecedented volunteer coordination during emergencies—but formal tracking systems lag behind financial data collection.

Remote volunteering became increasingly common during the pandemic, while stay-and-learn programs remain essential for sustained community impact. Resource-rich regions like North America facilitate robust volunteer programs, though need-adapted definitions vary.

The dual challenge lies in quantifying non-monetary contributions while maintaining meaningful distinction between truly cross-border versus domestic volunteerism. Better metrics could illuminate untapped giving potential.

Future systems must balance standardized measurement with cultural adaptability to reflect diverse service delivery models globally.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 21 Part III Other Cross-Border Resource Flows
Official development assistance remains steady at USD 180 billion, with Japan, USA, Germany, UK, and Canada as the largest contributors. Unlike philanthropy or remittances, however, ODA drops have been minimal due to sustained government funding mechanisms.

Remittances, now easily surpassing USD 590 billion, reflect market formalization and post-pandemic economic adjustments. Their resilience amidst recession underscores their unique position in development financing.

PCI remains low at USD 0.4 billion, continuing a post-recession trend interrupted only by temporary wartime boosts. Rebuilding confidence in private capital channels and fintech integration remains essential for sustainable growth.

Cross-border giving requires continuous evaluation of recipient country readiness to access and utilize all available financial instruments.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 22 A. Legal Environment for Cross-Border Philanthropy II
Legislation on philanthropy spans from highly facilitative to severely restrictive frameworks. Many nations, especially in Latin America and the Middle East, maintain opaque approval processes hindering due diligence for foreign foundations.

Information asymmetry creates compliance risks while limiting operational capacity for legitimate transnational charitable initiatives. Conversely, countries like Finland and Sweden pioneered tax-advantaged cross-border giving models.

Global partnering initiatives, such as Transnational Giving Europe, seek to harmonize best practices but face jurisdictional hurdles. Ensuring equal access to giving channels remains a key challenge.

Civil society actors are essential bridges between donor and recipient communities, yet often face state harassment or regulatory capture.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 23 B. Philanthropic Outflows by Donor Countries’ Income Level II
High-income nations continue dominating cross-border philanthropic outflows, accounting for >60% of total resource transfers. DAC members lead in innovation and volume, though recent negative private capital trends suggest fragility.

Upper-middle-income countries—especially Türkiye and China—contribute steadily, though fluctuating remittance volumes reflect economic vulnerability. Middle-income giving as a percentage of GNI rose significantly for several nations, notably illustrating commitment to development-focused giving.

Low-income and lower-middle-income findings are limited by poor data quality and collection inconsistencies. Targeted capacity-building could elevate their participation in transnational resource allocation.

Global patterns reflect wealth distribution but also cultural and institutional readiness for cross-border philanthropy.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 24 C. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals II
Climate action receives unprecedented philanthropic attention, yet for donor countries, the focus often remains on adaptation rather than mitigation. limate-focused trusts and initiative networks, like Philcoin, are innovative but still nascent.

Social justice causes sometimes face donor fatigue despite escalating global inequalities. Ensuring BIPOC-led groups receive equitable funding requires targeted intervention beyond voluntary commitments.

France, Germany, and the UK show strong environmental giving alignment, but behind-the-scenes political and economic pressures may distort cause prioritization.

Cross-sectoral collaboration remains essential to leverage both monies and knowledge towards UN targets.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 25 D. Cross-Border Philanthropy by Charitable Causes III
Donations to Ukraine surged dramatically during the 2022 conflict, exceeding USD 1.6 billion in 2023. Crowdfunding, corporate sponsorships, and diaspora mobilization drove this response, far exceeding typical totals.

Edgeworkers bridged cultural divides, facilitating secure transfer of both funds and expertise to underserved areas. Virtual platforms allowed geometric growth in volunteer coordination—even in non-standard giving environments.

Crypto philanthropy proved useful yet volatile, with Turkey and Syria receiving substantial but untracked contributions despite local restrictions. Hybrid approaches combining traditional and new currencies may offer resilience in future crises.

The 2022 war demonstrated the capacity for rapid global generosity, though sustaining this energy beyond emergencies requires institutionalized mechanisms.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 26 E. Recipients of Cross-Border Philanthropy by Region III
Africa remains the top receiving region proportionally, yet formal reporting systems prove unreliable for many nations. Middle-income countries collectively receive substantial charitable outflows, including from non-traditional actors like diaspora funds.

Asia's philanthropic corridors reflect both development needs and economic opportunity—the region gives and receives simultaneously via diverse channels. Europe maintains donor preeminence while increasingly supporting regional peer-to-peer initiatives.

New actors like private military/religious organizations are filling compliance gaps but often lack transparent impact data. Enhanced monitoring could better allocate resources to priority needs.

Global movements like CAN Fund and Avaana prioritize resilient communities, though national-level tracking remains rudimentary in most receiving contexts.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 27 F. Cross-Border Volunteering II
Volunteering trends mirror financial giving patterns, with higher-income nations experiencing declines in international placements due to pandemic restrictions. Notably, short-term volunteer programs lost ground to blended remote/on-site initiatives during COVID-19.

Scandinavian nations lead in volunteer mobilization, pioneered by comprehensive social service networks. Impact assessments reveal longer-term volunteers working with established local partners achieve highest organizational capacity building.

Remote technologies enabled new forms of volunteerism—digital advocacy, e-learning support, virtual translation—but physical presence remains irreplaceable for certain contexts.

Clear metrics for measuring volunteer impact remain underdeveloped. Balancing flexibility with accountability will be crucial for maximizing the NGO sector's contribution to sustainable development.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 28 Looking Ahead
The report outlines several future directions for cross-border philanthropy.

Advocacy for standardized dataset creation within new giving vehicles like crypto philanthropy is paramount. International standards for impact measurement would bolster transparency and trust.

Continued digitalization offers both promise and challenge—new vectors like AI-driven grantmaking must balance velocity with oversight.

Climate adaptation and racial justice represent critical frontiers requiring intensified focus and resource mobilization. Blockchain and social finance innovations may facilitate more equitable resource allocation.

Swift action by global bodies to establish harmonized frameworks could determine whether philanthropy meets its potential in shaping a post-pandemic world.

Conclusions must be prefaced by unprecedented attention to equity and inclusion to avoid exacerbating existing divides through new philanthropic technologies.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 29 Methodology
The provided methodological overview discusses data collection techniques for philanthropic outflows, ODA, remittances, and private capital investment.

While sources vary significantly across countries, a consistent adjustment methodology ensures comparability. Direct and imputed estimates exist for different quality tiers, preventing inaccuracies from dominating analysis.

Data from remittance corridors often rely on limited indicators like bank transfer statistics, inviting additional research into informal channels. Private capital estimates require reconciling diverse definitions and measurement standards.

Future progress hinges on collaborative research initiatives among data providers and consistent methodological bolsterings.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 30 References
Citations include numerous reports from governments, international organizations, foundations, and academic institutions. Key sources list includes the World Bank, OECD, UN agencies, and major philanthropic research centers. These provide the backbone for all quantitative analysis.

Each country's data journey reflects unique governance priorities and research capabilities. Further study is required to augment and harmonize findings across reporting systems.

Global PhilanthropyTracker 2023 31 Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation. The views expressed do not reflect official positions of these entities.

Many thank our research partners for extensive data collection—Candid, Catalyst Balkans, China Foundation Center, DataLake, Sung-Ju Kim, Center on Philanthropy (Beautiful Foundation). Special gratitude to Zagoriy Foundation for Ukraine-specific insights.

plain text summary completed