_世界就业与社会展望_2025年趋势_83页_6mb

Global Labour Market Trends (Chapter 1):

• Global employment grew alongside the labor force in 2024, maintaining a 5% unemployment rate, but decent work deficits persist, especially with a 402.4 million "jobs gap."
• Productivity growth has slowed, with global labor productivity declining by 0.5 percentage points from pre-pandemic averages.
• Informality remains high, affecting ~88.7% of the workforce, with progress in reducing working poverty stalled.
• Youth unemployment (12.6%) and gender gaps persist, with women constituting only 32% of renewable energy employment.

Regional Disparities (Chapter 2):

• Africa: GDP growth (3.3% in 2024) faces challenges like climate shocks and public debt; informal employment dominates.
• Americas: Latin America saw stable unemployment rates post-pandemic but slow productivity growth; tourism in the Caribbean is climate-vulnerable.
• Asia-Pacific: India’s strong growth contrasts with slowing productivity; modern services offer uneven job opportunities.
• Europe and Central Asia: Labour shortages and productivity stagnation persist despite policy adjustments, driven by structural issues like "labour hoarding" and skills mismatches.

Productivity and Spatial Inequalities (Chapter 3):

• Structural transformation (e.g., from agriculture to services/manufacturing) is stalled, contributing to productivity slowdowns.
• Spatial inequalities arise from agglomeration effects, with modern services and manufacturing concentrated in a few hubs, worsening disparities in living standards.
• Industrial policies risk exacerbating inequalities if not accompanied by complementary policies to spread benefits.

Policy Recommendations (Summary):

• Strengthen social justice through coordinated policies, improving access to education and skills training.
• Leverage remittances and diaspora funds to support private sector investment, especially in low-income countries.
• Promote green transitions and address technology-related job disruptions with safeguards and inclusive strategies.
• Enhance infrastructure and education to expand productive employment opportunities in low-productivity regions.