2008年-世界发展银行全球_The_Migration_and_Remittances_Factbook_2008_258页_1mb

Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008 Summary

Core Content

The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008 provides a comprehensive overview of international migration and remittance trends across 194 countries and 13 regional and income groups. It highlights the scale, direction, and economic significance of migration and remittances, while also acknowledging the challenges in data collection and accuracy.

Main Points

Global Migration Trends

• Migrant Population: As of 2005, approximately 190.6 million people, or 3.0% of the global population, lived outside their countries of birth.
• Gender Distribution: Females made up 49.6% of the global migrant population.
• Refugees: Refugees and asylum seekers accounted for 13.5 million or 7.1% of the total global migrant population in 2005.
• Migration Corridors: The largest migration corridor is the Mexico-United States corridor with 10.4 million migrants. Other major corridors include Russia-Ukraine, Ukraine-Russia, Bangladesh-India, Turkey-Germany, and Kazakhstan-Russia.
• South-South Migration: South-South migration accounted for 47% of the total emigration from developing countries, surpassing South-North migration in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa (72%), Europe and Central Asia (64%), and South Asia (54%).

Skilled Migration

• Skilled Emigration: Among developing countries, the top 10 countries with the highest skilled emigration rates include Suriname, Guyana, Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Tonga, St. Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Cape Verde, and Grenada.
• Physicians: Over 182,397 physicians, or 2.1% of all physicians trained globally, emigrated. In South Asia, 111,433 physicians, or 2.0% of those trained in the region, emigrated.

Global Remittances

• Total Remittance Flows: In 2007, global remittance flows exceeded $318 billion, with developing countries receiving $240 billion.
• Recorded vs. Unrecorded Flows: The true size of remittances is believed to be significantly larger due to unrecorded flows through formal and informal channels.
• Remittance Recipients: In 2007, the top recipient countries were India ($27.0 billion), China ($25.7 billion), Mexico ($25.0 billion), the Philippines ($17.0 billion), and France ($12.5 billion). Smaller countries like Tajikistan (36.2% of GDP), Moldova (36.2%), and Tonga (32.3%) had the highest shares of remittances as a percentage of GDP.
• Remittance Senders: The United States was the largest remittance sender in 2006 with $42.2 billion, followed by Saudi Arabia ($15.6 billion), Switzerland ($13.8 billion), Germany ($12.3 billion), and Russia ($11.4 billion). Countries like Luxembourg and Lebanon had the highest shares of remittances as a percentage of GDP (18.2%).

Key Information

Data Challenges

• The data on migration and remittances are often incomplete, outdated, or not comparable across countries.
• Informal remittance channels, irregular migration, and varying definitions (e.g., foreign born vs. foreigners, seasonal vs. permanent) contribute to underestimation.
• Bilateral migration data are limited for most countries, with only a few having comprehensive records.

Data Sources

• Migration Data: From the UN Population Division (2005) and the World Bank (2007).
• Remittance Data: From the IMF (2007) and the World Bank.
• Skilled Migration Data: From Docquier and Marfouk (2004) and Docquier and Bhargava (2006).

Regional Breakdown

• East Asia and Pacific (23 countries): Includes China, Indonesia, the Philippines, and others.
• Europe and Central Asia (26 countries): Includes Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and others.
• Latin America and the Caribbean (29 countries): Includes Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and others.
• Middle East and North Africa (14 countries): Includes Jordan, Lebanon, and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
• South Asia (8 countries): Includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and others.
• Sub-Saharan Africa (47 countries): Includes Nigeria, Kenya, and others.

Conclusion

The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008 serves as a critical resource for understanding global migration and remittance patterns. It emphasizes the importance of these flows in the global economy, especially for developing countries, and highlights the need for improved data collection methods to better capture the true scale and impact of migration and remittances.