2025年养老金概览报告_248页_8mb

Summary of Pensions at a Glance 2025

Core Content

Pensions at a Glance 2025 is a comprehensive report by the OECD that provides a detailed overview of pension policies and outcomes across OECD and G20 countries. It includes thematic chapters on recent pension reforms and the gender pension gap, alongside a wide range of indicators for comparing pension systems.

Main Points

Population Ageing and Pension Reforms

• Population Ageing: Over the next 25 years, the proportion of people aged 65+ per 100 people aged 20-64 is expected to rise sharply, from 33 in 2025 to 52 in 2050. This increase is particularly pronounced in Korea, Greece, Italy, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Spain.
• Life Expectancy: The pandemic did not significantly affect long-term life expectancy projections at age 65.
• Retirement Age Increases: The average normal retirement age for men and women is expected to rise from 64.7 and 63.9 years in 2024 to 66.4 and 65.9 years when starting careers in 2024. Over half of OECD countries are increasing retirement ages based on current legislation.
• Country-Specific Measures:
  • Czechia and Slovenia have raised the statutory retirement age to 67 and 62, respectively, by 2056 and 2035.
  • Slovenia also increased the retirement age without penalty for those with 40 years of contributions.
  • Slovak Republic has linked early-retirement conditions to life expectancy.
  • Chile implemented a systemic reform to improve earnings-related pensions and pension protection for low earners.
  • Mexico introduced a large earnings-related top-up, guaranteeing 100% of last monthly salaries for pensioners, even after only 20 years of contributions.
  • Korea expanded childcare credits for parents, which will significantly raise their pensions.

Pension Financial Sustainability

• Mandatory Contribution Rates: Ireland and Korea have raised mandatory contribution rates to improve pension sustainability.
• Contribution Ceilings: Japan increased its contribution ceiling.
• Benefit Reductions: Czechia reduced future benefit levels.
• Automatic Enrolment: Ireland introduced automatic enrolment in occupational pensions, while Lithuania abolished it.

Gender Pension Gap (GPG)

• Current Gap: On average, women receive 77 cents for every Euro or Dollar that men receive in pensions, with the GPG at 23% in 2024.
• Trends: The GPG has decreased from 28% in 2007 to 23% in 2024, and is expected to continue declining.
• Key Drivers: Gender differences in lifetime earnings, employment, hours worked, and hourly wages contribute to the GPG. Each factor accounts for about one-third of the gap, which averages 35% across OECD countries.
• Pension Credits: These credits help mitigate the impact of career breaks, especially for low-income women. In many OECD countries, mandatory pensions cushion about half of the effects of a five-year child-related employment break on pensions for mothers with two children.
• Survivor Pensions: These reduce the GPG by about one-third on average, as women account for 88% of recipients.
• Disparities in Working Hours and Wages: Women still work fewer hours and earn less than men, which affects their pension levels. The gender wage gap remains large in some countries and has only slightly decreased since 2008.
• Early Retirement: In some countries, women can retire earlier than men, which negatively affects their pension levels. Countries aiming to promote gender equality should eliminate earlier access to pensions for women.
• Unpaid Care Work: Persistent gender disparities in unpaid care work prevent women from increasing their working hours, thus contributing to lower lifetime earnings and pension levels.

Policy Recommendations

• Labour Market Reforms: Addressing gender differences in employment, working hours, and wages is essential to closing the gender pension gap.
• Family Policies: Better sharing of unpaid work is necessary to allow women to work more and contribute more to their pensions.
• Pension Reforms: Enhancing pension credits, survivor benefits, and promoting equity in pension systems can help reduce the GPG.
• Comprehensive Strategy: A holistic approach involving labour market, family, and pension policies is required to effectively close the gender pension gap.

Key Information

• OECD and G20 Indicators: The report provides a broad range of indicators for comparing pension systems and outcomes across OECD and G20 countries.
• Data Sources: Statistical data for Israel is provided by the relevant Israeli authorities.
• Creative Commons License: The report is available under the CC BY 4.0 license, requiring proper attribution and adherence to usage terms.
• Authorship: The report was prepared by the OECD Social Policy Division, with contributions from various experts and national officials.

Conclusion

Pensions at a Glance 2025 highlights the challenges and opportunities in pension policy, particularly regarding gender equity and population ageing. It underscores the need for a multifaceted approach to address the gender pension gap and ensure sustainable and equitable pension systems for all.