2018年-查塔姆研究所_Transnational_Islam_in_Russia_and_Crimea_20页_3mb

Summary of Transnational Islam in Russia and Crimea

Core Content

Islam in Russia is undergoing significant transformation, moving beyond traditional forms and established religious institutions to include transnational Islamic groups. These groups are part of wider Islamic networks and operate with varying methods and ideologies, ranging from violent jihadist activities to more moderate, socio-political and educational approaches.

The Russian government has adopted a repressive stance towards transnational Islamic groups, treating them as a security threat and banning several key organizations. This policy has been controversial and, in some cases, counterproductive, as it may inadvertently contribute to radicalization rather than prevent it.

Main Views

• Diversity of Transnational Islamic Groups:
  Transnational Islamic groups in Russia include both violent and non-violent organizations. Examples include:

  • Salafi jihadists: Engaged in insurgency and terrorism, particularly in the North Caucasus.
  • Hizb ut-Tahrir: Advocates for the establishment of a caliphate, using non-violent methods such as social work, education and public discourse.
  • Fethullah Gülen movement: Focuses on social and educational initiatives, though it is still viewed with suspicion.
  • Tablighi Jamaat: Engages in missionary activities and community outreach.

• Impact on Muslim Identity:
  These groups promote a form of Islam that is seen as 'true' and authentic, challenging the legitimacy of traditional Islamic institutions. This has led to the emergence of a new kind of Muslim identity, defined by ideological commitment and a desire for religious observance.

• Government Repression and Its Effects:
  The Russian government has banned several transnational Islamic groups and implemented strict monitoring of Islamic literature and online activity. This has created an environment of fear and has been used to justify arrests and prosecutions. In Crimea, the annexation by Russia has intensified this repression, leading to the closure of Islamic centers and the persecution of Muslim activists.

• Role of Young, Educated Muslims:
  Transnational Islamic groups often target young, educated, middle-class individuals. These groups use social activism, education, and outreach to attract converts and build support. Women are also a key demographic, as they are seen as central to the family and community structure.

• International Links and Recruitment:
  Transnational Islamic groups in Russia and Crimea have links to global movements, such as Al-Qaeda. This has led to the recruitment of foreign fighters and the return of militants with radical ideologies, increasing the threat of terrorism in the region.

Key Information

• Demographics:
  Russia's Muslim population is estimated at 16.4 million (11.7% of the population), and is expected to grow. This is partly due to migration from Central Asia, the Middle East, and other regions.

• Government Policy:

  • Banning and Censorship: Organizations such as Salafis (2002), Hizb ut-Tahrir (2004), and the Fethullah Gülen movement (2008) have been banned. Islamic literature and online content are also monitored and sometimes censored.
  • Repression in Crimea: After the annexation, the Russian government intensified its crackdown on Islamic groups, including the closure of unregistered mosques and the prosecution of activists.

• Transnational Influence:
  Transnational Islamic groups have had a significant impact on the development of Islam in Russia and the broader region. They have influenced public discourse, challenged traditional Islamic authorities, and contributed to the growth of a more politicized and activist-oriented form of Islam.

• Challenges and Risks:
  The combination of government repression, ethno-social tensions, and sectarian divisions in Islam can exacerbate the socio-political situation in Russia. The rise of radical ideologies and the potential for recruitment and radicalization remain a concern.

Conclusion

Transnational Islam in Russia and Crimea represents a complex and evolving phenomenon. While some groups advocate for peaceful social change, others are involved in violent extremism. The Russian government's repressive measures, particularly in Crimea, have created an environment where radicalization may be more likely. The interplay between local and transnational Islamic dynamics continues to shape the religious and political landscape of Russia and its Muslim communities.