国际能源署-在建筑行业培养全球能效劳动力（英）-2024-33份_32页_1mb

报告摘要

Developing a Global Energy Efficiency Workforce in the Buildings Sector

Organization: International Energy Agency (IEA)
Key Focus: Addressing global energy efficiency goals through workforce development in the buildings sector, particularly due to the projected doubling of energy efficiency improvements by 2030 under the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 scenario.

Global Context

Buildings account for 30% of global energy consumption and 26% of carbon emissions.
By 2030, there will be an additional 1.3 million jobs in energy efficiency, primarily driven by building retrofits.
Many countries face labor shortages in key energy efficiency occupations, such as insulation workers, HVAC/R technicians, and energy auditors.

Key Occupations Identified

Four core occupations are critical for reducing building energy demand across different climates:

Insulation Workers: Address heat loss/gain through walls, ducts, etc.
HVAC/R Mechanics & Installers: Install and maintain heating, cooling, and refrigeration systems.
Glaziers: Install energy-efficient windows for temperature control.
Energy Auditors/Inspectors: Conduct energy audits to identify inefficiencies.

Occupational demands vary by climate:

Cold climates: Focus on heating efficiency, insulation, and airtightness.
Warm/Humid climates: Emphasize cooling, dehumidification, and humidity control.
Milder climates: Balance heating and cooling demands.

Training Requirements

Training varies by occupation (from short courses to STEM degrees).
Certification programs in countries like the U.S., EU, Brazil, and Indonesia support workforce standardization.
Lifelong learning and digital skills (e.g., software for energy calculations) are essential for adapting to new technologies.

Policy Recommendations

Expand Formal Training: Align education, vocational training (VET), and apprenticeships with energy efficiency needs.
Ensure Inclusivity: Remove barriers for women, youth, and informal workers to access skilled positions.
Promote STEM Education: Strengthen foundational skills in math and science for adaptable workforce development.
Foster Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborate with employers to align training with industry demands.

Case Studies

Portugal’s Green Skills & Jobs Program: Offers flexible online/training courses for energy efficiency careers.
India’s NSDC: Bridges public and private training initiatives to reach 150 million workers.

Challenges

Labor shortages persist, especially in installation/repair roles.
Informal employment limits access to quality jobs and skills development.
Harmonizing training standards across countries remains complex due to varying regulatory frameworks.

Sources: Global analysis based on IEA reports, regional case studies (e.g., Philippines Green Jobs Act), and private sector examples.

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