2016年-世界发展银行全球_Botswana_Mining_Investment_and_Governance_Review_92页_5mb

Botswana Mining Investment and Governance Review Summary

Core Content

The Botswana Mining Investment and Governance Review (MinGov) is a comprehensive assessment of the mining sector in Botswana, focusing on governance, investment attractiveness, and its contribution to national development. The report evaluates the sector from the perspectives of three key stakeholder groups: government, investors, and civil society. It identifies gaps between declared and actual policy and practice, and highlights areas for improvement to enhance the sector's impact on local development and employment.

Main Minerals and Sector Importance

• Diamond is the main mineral, accounting for 53% of all prospecting licenses issued in Botswana (2008) and 89.9% of total export value (March 2016).
• Copper-Nickel is the second most important mineral, contributing 4.5% to total export value.
• The mining sector accounts for 24.5% of GDP (2013) and 27% of government revenue (from royalties and dividends) in the 2015/2016 fiscal year.
• Mining contributes to 3.2% of formal employment (2015).
• The sector accounts for 44.6% of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Botswana (2014).

Key Findings

1. Value Chain Performance

• Performance is better in later stages of the mining value chain (investment, accumulation, and expenditure of mineral revenue) compared to earlier stages (contracts, licenses, and exploration).
• Weaknesses in transparency, clarity of rules, and decision accountability were identified in the contracting and operational stages.

2. Policy and Legal Framework

• The mining policy and legal framework are largely sound but require improvements.
• Gaps include the need for greater detail and clarity around licensing, updated mineral laws, and regulations to accompany new legislation.
• Disclosure of diamond and integrated mining contracts is lacking, affecting transparency and accountability scores.

3. Environmental Protection

• Environmental legislation is up-to-date and based on good practice.
• However, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) need to be more accessible and interactive throughout the mining lifecycle.
• Public participation in environmental decisions should be strengthened.

4. Land Use and Resettlement

• Land use issues, including resettlement and compensation, require a more inclusive process and a stronger legislative framework.
• The Land Board and Tribunal provide a local governance structure for land management.
• Conflicts between mineral development and eco-tourism or indigenous rights remain significant.

5. Local Content and Employment

• A local content policy for the mining industry should be developed to support SMME development and increase employment impact.
• The Citizen Economic Empowerment Policy (CEEP) aims to promote local participation but has not been fully implemented in the mining sector.
• The policy emphasizes skills development but does not require local equity or procurement percentages.

6. Stakeholder Priorities

• The top shared priority across all stakeholder groups is Sector Management and Intragovernmental Coordination.
• Government wants better coordination of mining and land use permits and a "whole of government" approach.
• Civil society emphasizes the need for inclusive decision-making and consideration of other socio-economic values.
• Industry seeks better synergy between mining and environmental permits.

Recommendations

1. Update the Mines and Minerals Act

• The 1999 Act should be updated to reflect current best practices.
• Regulations should be drafted to accompany the new Act.
• A mineral policy should include stakeholder input at national and local levels.

2. Enhance HR Capacity in the Department of Mines

• Improve licensing, geo-data collection, and management.
• Introduce an interactive mining cadastre.

3. Publish Mining Contracts

• Publish large-scale diamond and integrated mining contracts and make them auditable by the Auditor General.

4. Strengthen the EIA Process

• Improve public participation and accessibility of EIAs.
• Develop a resettlement and compensation policy aligned with best practices (e.g., WB Guidelines).
• Consider incorporating this into a national CSR policy for the extractive sector.

5. Develop a Local Content Strategy

• Focus on local supplier development and industry participation.
• Ensure localization objectives are met while supporting industry needs.

Additional Action Points

• Create an Access to Information Act to improve public access to government data.
• Establish a forum for ongoing dialogue between government, civil society, and industry.
• Develop a national land use policy that includes stakeholder input and considers alternative land uses.
• Consider a protected areas strategy to exclude ecologically sensitive land from mineral exploration.
• Improve intra-governmental communication to ensure coordinated permitting and a holistic approach to land use and economic diversification.
• Return a portion of mineral revenue to local governments and communities where mining has had negative impacts, as recommended by the Africa Mining Vision.

Conclusion

The mining sector is central to Botswana's economic growth, especially through diamond production. However, diversification is becoming increasingly important due to the declining diamond resource and global commodity cycles. The MinGov review highlights the need for greater transparency, inclusive governance, and improved local content strategies to ensure the sector continues to contribute positively to national development. The report serves as a tool for stakeholders to improve governance and investment practices, rather than a ranking or index.

Key Themes