2016年-世界发展银行全球_Zambia_Mining_Investment_and_Governance_Review_82页_1mb

Zambia Mining Investment and Governance Review Summary

Core Content

The Zambia Mining Investment and Governance Review (MinGov) evaluates the governance, investment climate, and development impact of the mining sector in Zambia. It is based on data from primary and secondary sources, as well as in-country interviews with stakeholders. The report is structured around three main stakeholder perspectives: government, investors, and civil society. It identifies gaps between policy and practice, and outlines areas for improvement to enhance the sector's performance and contribution to national development.

Main Minerals and Sector Overview

• Main minerals mined:
  • Copper: 730,000 tonnes (eighth largest global producer), accounts for 85% of national mining revenue (2014)
  • Cobalt: 3,100 tonnes (eighth largest global producer)
• Mining's contribution:
  • Contribution to GDP: 12% (2014)
  • Contribution to total exports: 70% (2014)
  • Contribution to government revenue: 28% from mining taxes (2014), equivalent to 4.0% of GDP
• Employment:
  • Total employment in mining: 90,000 (2012)
  • Formal employment share: 82% (2012)
  • Share of total employment: 2.3% (2013)
  • Share of total formal employment: 8.3% (2012)
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
  • Mining accounts for 61.7% of total FDI (2014)
  • Local procurement: Up to 95% of goods and services are imported

Key Findings

3.1 Performance Summary

• The dashboard (Figure 2) provides an overview of governance, investment attractiveness, and sector impact.
• Performance across the value chain is strongest in topics related to mining laws and regulations, though implementation is lacking in some areas.
• The economic and political environment are generally favorable, but fiscal policy instability is a concern.

3.2 Value Chain and Theme Performance

• Taxation and State Participation is the only stage that scores "Very High", while other stages fall within "Low" to "High" ranges.
• Themes A (Policy, Legislation and Regulation) and C (Institutional Capacity and Effectiveness) score better than Theme B (Accountability and Inclusiveness).
• Revenue Distribution and Management and Sustainable Development score the lowest, as they involve significant public policy involvement and are less directly tied to mining operations.

3.3 Mining Sector Importance

• The mining sector is important and likely to remain so in the future due to its:
  • Geological potential (high prospectivity)
  • Contribution to FDI and national revenue
  • Role in formal employment
• It plays a proportionally large role in the national economy, despite limited direct impact on employment.

Stakeholder Priorities

• Investors highlight the following as constraints:
  • Inadequate fiscal and tax stability
  • Poor consultation on policy changes
  • Disjointed license management between ministries
  • Inadequate infrastructure access
  • Weak public financial management and accountability
• Civil society identifies key weaknesses in:
  • Environmental and social impact management
  • Human rights issues
  • Development planning
  • Land access, compensation, and resettlement
  • Revenue sharing between national and local governments
• Government prioritizes:
  • Policy and legal frameworks
  • Sector management and coordination
  • Taxation and state participation

Key Recommendations

Low-Hanging Fruit

1. Improve policy stability, particularly in the tax regime, and integrate the mining sector into national development plans.
2. Establish mechanisms for meaningful consultation with all stakeholders on mining-related issues.
3. Develop and implement local content and development policies for the mining sector.
4. Adequately resource regulatory and monitoring agencies such as ZEMA and geodata services.
5. Treat the mining sector as a key driver of development planning and implementation.
6. Create a dedicated government cell to address artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) issues.

More Challenging Areas

1. Enhance coordination among ministries affecting the mining sector.
2. Improve public financial management, including budget management and public investment programs.
3. Ensure transparency and accountability in mining licensing decisions.

Methodology and Limitations

• The MinGov methodology evaluates governance and investment conditions based on stakeholder perspectives and data from 314 questions.
• It does not rank countries but provides insights into performance.
• Some areas, such as infrastructure quality, property security, and institutional strength, are not well covered in the report.

Conclusion

The Zambia Mining Investment and Governance Review highlights the sector's importance to the national economy and identifies both strengths and weaknesses in governance and investment. While the sector is attractive to investors, policy instability, weak implementation, and lack of coordination pose significant challenges. The report emphasizes the need for policy coherence, improved transparency, and enhanced institutional capacity to ensure the mining sector contributes effectively to national development and sustainability.