英文_国际能源署_2023年瑞士光伏发电应用全国调查报告_50页_3mb

Summary of the National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland (2023)

Core Content

This document is the National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Switzerland for 2023, produced as part of IEA PVPS Task 1, which focuses on the technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects of photovoltaic (PV) power systems. It serves as input for the annual "Trends in photovoltaic applications" report and provides detailed insights into the PV market, its competitiveness, and policy landscape in Switzerland.

Main Points

1. Overview of IEA PVPS Task 1

• Objective: To promote the exchange and dissemination of information on PV power systems and support the broader goals of the IEA PVPS programme.
• Deliverables: Annual "Trends in photovoltaic applications" report and National Survey Reports from participating countries.
• Participants: A wide range of countries and organizations including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, and others.
• Report Authors: Thomas Dériaz, Lionel Bloch, and Lionel Perret.
• Data Sources: Mainly from SWISSOLAR, SFOE, and PRONOVO.

2. PV Market in Switzerland

2.1 Installation Data

• The PV market in Switzerland includes all nationally installed terrestrial PV applications with 40 W or more capacity.
• 2023 Installed Capacity: 1640.1 MWp, representing a 51% increase from 2022 (1084 MWp).
• Annual Growth Trends:
  • 2021: +43.4%
  • 2020: +46.2%
  • 2022: +60%
  • 2023: +51%
• Market Segments:
  • Residential: ~95% of new installations.
  • Industrial: 41% of total capacity.
  • Agricultural: Still in demonstrator stage.
  • Off-grid: 0.79 MW installed in 2023.
• Total PV systems in operation: ~245,390.
• Split by market segment:
  • Residential: 87%
  • Industry: 8%
  • Agriculture: 3%
  • Services: 1%
  • Utilities: 1%
  • Transport: <1%
  • Others: <1%
• Decommissioned PV systems: Estimated at 2.9 MW.
• Repowered PV systems: 1.5 MW.

2.2 PV in the National Energy Market

• Total electricity demand in 2023: 56.0 TWh (-1.2%).
• Total PV electricity production in 2023: 4,624 GWh.
• PV electricity production as % of total consumption: 8.25%.
• Average yield of PV installations: 885 kWh/kW.

3. Key Enablers of PV Development

• Decentralized storage systems: Increased by 79% in added capacity and 86% in total capacity.
• Residential heat pumps: Added 35,960 systems.
• Electric cars: 44,747 BEVs and 17,595 PHEVs registered in 2023.
• Electric buses and trucks: Support program until 2030; 100 electric buses planned for 2024, and all PostBuses to be fossil-free by 2040.

4. Competitiveness of PV Electricity

4.1 Module Prices

• 2023 Average Module Price: 0.44 CHF/W.
• No substantial change from 2022 to 2023.
• Price ranges:
  • Lowest price: for systems between 100 kW and 300 kW.
  • Highest price: for systems between 2 kW and 10 kW.
• Module prices have been declining steadily since 2010.

4.2 System Prices

• Residential BAPV (5-10 kW): 2.8 to 3.8 CHF/W.
• Small commercial BAPV (10-100 kW): 1.6 to 2.3 CHF/W.
• Large commercial BAPV (100-250 kW): 1.3 to 1.8 CHF/W.
• Industrial BAPV (>250 kW): 1.1 to 1.4 CHF/W.
• System costs are generally lower for larger installations.

4.3 Cost Breakdown

• Hardware (modules, inverters, mounting material, etc.) accounts for a significant portion.
• Soft costs (planning, installation, permits, etc.) also contribute to the total cost.
• Total cost (excluding VAT) for residential systems: 3.57 CHF/W.
• Average VAT: 8.10%.
• Total cost (including VAT): 3.86 CHF/W.

5. Policy Framework

• National targets for PV: Switzerland has set ambitious targets for PV adoption.
• Direct support policies: Include subsidies, feed-in tariffs, and other incentives.
• Self-consumption measures: Promote PV systems for personal use.
• Collective self-consumption and community solar: Encouraged through various schemes.
• Tenders and auctions: Used for utility-scale PV projects.
• Floating and agricultural PV: Still in development but gaining attention.
• Social policies: Aim to increase public awareness and acceptance of PV.
• Retroactive measures: Applied to existing PV systems.
• Indirect policy issues: Include grid integration and regulatory support.
• Financing and cost of support: Various programs and incentives are available.

6. Industry Overview

• Crystalline silicon industry: Produces feedstocks, ingots, and wafers.
• PV cells and modules: Includes technologies like thin-film (TF) and concentrated photovoltaics (CPV).
• Manufacturers and suppliers: A variety of companies provide components for PV systems.

7. Highlights and Prospects

• Highlights:
  • Rapid growth in residential PV installations.
  • Increasing adoption of BIPV and innovative technologies.
  • Support for large-scale solar projects in the Alps.
  • Expansion of the PV market through various policy and financial mechanisms.
• Prospects:
  • Continued growth in PV installations and efficiency.
  • Integration of PV with other technologies like heat pumps and electric vehicles.
  • Potential for further development in agricultural and floating PV.

Key Information

• The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) and Swissolar are the primary data providers.
• Grid-connected PV dominates the market, with off-grid installations growing slowly.
• BIPV is growing due to heritage protection laws and architectural integration.
• Alpine Offensive supports large-scale solar in the Alps with 60% one-off payments for projects generating at least 10 GWh annually, including 500 kWh/kW in winter.
• Costs have decreased over the years, with a steady decline in module and system prices.
• Financial parameters include loan rates ranging from 3.00% to 3.75% depending on the market segment.
• Investment schemes include third-party ownership, leasing, and utility financing.

Conclusion

Switzerland has made significant progress in the development and adoption of PV power systems. The market continues to grow, driven by policy support, technological advancements, and increasing public awareness. The focus on grid-connected systems, particularly residential and industrial, has led to substantial increases in installed capacity and efficiency. The Alpine Offensive and other initiatives highlight the country's commitment to expanding renewable energy sources. The cost reduction and financial accessibility are key factors in the continued growth of the PV market.