2023-02-02-世界卫生组织-激发健康活力_240页_13mb

报告摘要

Summary of "Energizing Health: Accelerating Electricity Access in Health-Care Facilities"

Core Content

This report, Energizing Health: Accelerating Electricity Access in Health-Care Facilities, is a collaborative effort by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL). It aims to highlight the critical role of electricity access in health-care facilities and to provide a comprehensive framework for accelerating electrification, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Main Objectives

To establish electricity access as a key component of universal health coverage (UHC).
To assess the current status of electricity access in health-care facilities globally.
To offer technical guidance and tools for evaluating energy needs.
To explore techno-economic considerations for electrification.
To identify enabling frameworks and financing options.
To provide insights from country case studies and lessons learned.

Key Findings

Electricity is essential for health services such as childbirth management, emergency care, immunization, and routine procedures.
Over 1 billion people in low- and lower-middle-income countries are served by health-care facilities lacking reliable electricity access.
Significant disparities exist between urban and rural health-care facilities, with rural areas reporting lower access and reliability.
In South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, 12%–15% of health-care facilities lack any electricity access.
Sub-Saharan Africa has at least 25,000 health-care facilities without electricity and 68,350 with only unreliable access.
Only 50% of hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa have reliable electricity access.
Decentralized renewable energy solutions, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, are increasingly viable and cost-effective for electrifying health-care facilities.

Main Views and Recommendations

1. Electricity Access as a Priority for UHC

Reliable electricity access is a fundamental requirement for delivering quality health services.
Lack of electricity is a major barrier to achieving UHC and can lead to life-threatening situations.
The report emphasizes the urgency of addressing this gap and highlights the need for systematic monitoring and increased investment in health-care electrification.

2. Techno-Economic Considerations

Energy supply options include centralized grid extension, mini-grids, stand-alone solar systems, fuel-based generators, and hybrid systems.
Decentralized systems, especially solar-based, are recommended for their cost-effectiveness, clean energy benefits, and rapid deployment.
Operation and maintenance (O&M) is critical for the long-term functionality of energy systems.
Energy storage, remote monitoring, and training are essential components of successful electrification.

3. Technical Guidance and Tools

The report provides technical guidance for assessing energy needs and designing energy systems.
Tools such as the Cold Chain Equipment Optimization Platform (CCEOP), Clean Energy Access Tool (CEAT), and Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) are recommended for planning and implementation.
Modular designs for solar systems are proposed to accommodate different levels of health-care facilities, from primary health-care centers to secondary facilities.

4. Enabling Frameworks

Policy frameworks are essential for creating an enabling environment for health-care electrification.
Data infrastructure and institutional coordination are necessary for effective planning and implementation.
Capacity-building for both health and energy sectors is critical to ensure sustainability and proper use of systems.
Innovative financing and public-private partnerships (PPPs) are highlighted as key strategies to support electrification efforts.

5. Country Case Studies and Lessons Learned

India, Uganda, and Nepal are highlighted as case studies, showing the challenges and successes in electrifying health-care facilities.
Key lessons include the importance of local stakeholder engagement, technical capacity, and tailored energy solutions that match the needs of each facility.

Key Information

ISBN: 978-92-4-006696-0 (electronic), 978-92-4-006697-7 (print)
License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Published by: WHO, the World Bank, SEforALL, and IRENA
Release Year: 2023
Estimated Investment Needs: US$4.9 billion is needed to electrify health-care facilities in 63 low- and middle-income countries to a minimal or intermediate level.
Impact of Inaction: The social cost of inaction is much higher than the cost of electrification.
Remote Monitoring and Maintenance: These are recommended to ensure the medium and long-term functionality of energy systems.
Energy Efficiency: Encouraging energy-efficient medical devices and infrastructure reduces the energy demand and the cost of decentralized systems.

Conclusion and Way Forward

Data collection and systematic monitoring of electricity access in health-care facilities must be strengthened.
Integrated planning and system design are necessary to ensure that electrification is both effective and sustainable.
Programme implementation should be supported by financing mechanisms, capacity-building, and policy alignment.
Collaboration between health and energy sectors is vital for success.
Local capacity development and community engagement are key to ensuring long-term sustainability.

Key Terms

UHC (Universal Health Coverage)
SDG (Sustainable Development Goals)
PHC (Primary Health Centre)
EMERGENCY OBSTETRIC AND NEWBORN CARE (EmONC)
Solar for Health (S4H)
Multi-Tier Framework (MTF)
Health-Energy Needs Assessment (HENA)

Call to Action

Governments, donors, and development partners must prioritize electricity access in health-care facilities.
The "install and maintain" approach should replace the "install and forget" model.
Clean, sustainable energy must be integrated into health-care systems to improve health outcomes and climate resilience.
Coordination between stakeholders is essential for effective implementation and sustainable outcomes.