世界银行-斯里兰卡国家气候与发展报告（英）-2025.6_79页_2mb

报告摘要

Summary of the Sri Lanka Country Climate and Development Report

Executive Summary

Sri Lanka is emerging from an economic crisis, with a renewed focus on sustainable growth and resilience. Climate change poses significant risks, including potential GDP losses of 3.3–3.5% by mid-century due to heat stress, reduced agricultural yields, and intensified flooding. Strategic investments in resilience can mitigate these risks while unlocking economic opportunities. Priorities include expanding renewable energy, enhancing water security, and promoting climate-smart agriculture. Mobilizing private and public finance is critical for achieving climate goals and sustained growth.

1. Development and Climate Priorities

Post-Crisis Context: Sri Lanka’s economy is stabilizing but remains vulnerable to poverty and climate risks.
Climate Vulnerability: Higher temperatures, erratic rainfall, and rising sea levels threaten key sectors like agriculture, water resources, and tourism.
Key Challenges: Managing water scarcity, labor productivity losses, and energy dependency on imports.
Opportunities: Renewable energy expansion, urbanization, and climate-resilient investments can drive inclusive growth.

2. Country Climate Commitments, Policies, and Capacities

National Framework: Ratification of the Paris Agreement, National Adaptation Plan, and Climate Prosperity Plan.
Sectoral Policies: Focus on renewable energy, e-mobility, water resources, and disaster risk reduction.
Implementation Gaps: Limited local government capacity, weak coordination, and inadequate data for climate planning.

3. Rural Resilience and Prosperity

Integrated Landscape Management: Coordinated approaches to forests, water, and agriculture to build resilience.
Water Management: Addressing unmet irrigation demand and promoting efficient water use.
Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA): Adoption of drought-resistant crops, efficient irrigation, and mechanization to enhance productivity.
** Fisheries and Livelihoods**: Protecting coastal ecosystems and promoting sustainable fishing practices.

4. Investing in Livable Cities

Urban Risks: Flooding, heat stress, and aging infrastructure threaten city resilience and livability.
Key Investments: Green infrastructure, improved solid waste management, and climate-resilient transport.
Digital Frameworks: Smart cities initiatives to enhance data-driven planning and disaster response.

5. Expanding Clean and Reliable Domestic Energy

Energy Goals: Achieve 70% renewable energy by 2030 and carbon neutrality in the power sector by 2050.
Priorities: Scaling solar and wind power, electrifying transport, and improving energy efficiency.
Challenges: Financing gaps, grid modernization, and policy reforms for renewable energy.

6. Financing and Policies for Resilient Growth

Investment Needs: US$118–140 billion required by 2053 for climate-resilient development.
Public vs. Private Finance: Strengthening SOE reform, tax reforms, and public-private partnerships.
International Finance: Leveraging carbon markets, green bonds, and climate-focused grants.

7. Priority Recommendations

Below are the high-level priorities and key recommendations identified throughout the report. These recommendations are categorized into five high-level objectives and are ordered by urgency and feasibility:

High-Level Objective: Maintain Macro-Fiscal-Financial Stability and Key Reforms

(1.1) Boost Competitiveness and Facilitate Trade

Strengthen the institutional environment through the Economic Transformation Act and remove FDI restrictions.
Advance SOE reform and PPP frameworks to mainstream climate considerations.
Implement a revised National Tariff Policy to eliminate tariffs and cut duties for renewable energy.
Labor force participation rates and exports must increase.

Urgency: Short-term (1–2 years)
Progress Indicator: FDI inflows (USD), Labor participation rate (%), Credit to private sector (% GDP)
Feasibility: Medium
Key Actors: President’s Office, Ministry of Industry, Board of Investment, Ministry of Trade

Recommendations:

Update labor legislation to ensure inclusive and flexible labor market.
Introduce modern insolvency regime (including out-of-court mechanisms).
Promote digital financial services.

(1.2) Enhance Tax Policy and Administration

Dilimit new tax incentives and introduce transparent, rules-based eligibility criteria.
Implement a minimum corporate tax rate aligned with global initiatives.
Conduct a tax procedural code review to improve processes and collection efficiency.

Urgency: Short-term (1–2 years)
Progress Indicator: Tax-to-GDP ratio (%), Revenue loss due to procedural inefficiencies (%)
Feasibility: Medium–High
Key Actors: Ministry of Finance, Inland Revenue Authority, CBSL

Recommendations:

Strengthen tax administration through risk-based audits and digitization.
Expand tax compliance and explore carbon pricing mechanisms carefully.

(1.3) Prioritize Resilience Investments

Develop a National Resilience Investment Plan with clear climate priorities.
Ensure rural access to transport, water, and digital infrastructure.
Enhance social protection (e.g., Aswesuma program) to target vulnerable households during climate shocks.

Urgency: Short-term (1–2 years)
Progress Indicator: Rural connectivity (%), Social registry coverage (%), Poverty reduction (%)
Feasibility: Medium–High
Key Actors: Ministry of Irrigation, Ministry of Technology, Ministry of Social Services, GoSL

Recommendations:

Adapt safeguards to avoid exacerbating inequalities.
Strengthen community-based disaster preparedness.

High-Level Objective: Build Resilient Livelihoods

(2.1) Adopt Integrated Landscape Management

Enhance coordination across ministries and government levels.
Build data and decision-support systems for climate-informed planning.
Promote watershed conservation and sustainable land use.

Urgency: Short-term (1–2 years)
Progress Indicator: Hectares of terrestrial and aquatic areas conserved (%), River basin planning tools deployed ()*
Feasibility: Medium–High
Key Actors: Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Mahaweli Development

Recommendations:

Strengthen local institutions for natural resource management.
Scale up investments in tank-cascade systems and integrated irrigation.

(2.2) Harness Water Resources for Development

Update the Water Resources Act to clarify mandates and promote coordination.
Rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure and implement inter-basin transfers.
Expand wastewater treatment and address agricultural runoff.

Urgency: Medium-term (3–5 years)
Progress Indicator: Updated Water Resources Act implemented, km of canals rehabilitated, Water storage capacity (million m³)
Feasibility: High–Medium
Key Actors: Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB)

Recommendations:

Implement integrated river basin planning.
Invest in demand-side management and water pricing.

(2.3) Promote Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)

Reform public spending to prioritize resilience-building in value chains.
Mobilize private finance through green loans and insurance.
Strengthen farmer capacity for CSA technologies and digital tools.

Urgency: Short-term (1–2 years)
Progress Indicator: # of farmers trained in CSA (%), Private investment in CSA (USD million)
Feasibility: High
Key Actors: Ministry of Agriculture, IFC, Deloitte

Recommendations:

Repurpose fertilizer subsidies to fund CSA extension services.
Pilot blended finance mechanisms for rural enterprises.

(2.4) Develop Fisheries Management Plan

Improve postharvest handling and value addition for fisheries.
Establish co-management systems with local communities to prevent overfishing.

Urgency: Medium-term (3–5 years)
Progress Indicator: # of small-scale processors supported, Export value growth (%)
Feasibility: Medium–High
Key Actors: Ministry of Fisheries, Colombo Stock Exchange

Recommendations:

Restore marine ecosystems and enforce sustainable fishing regulations.
Promote economic diversification for coastal communities.

High-Level Objective: Enhance Urban Livability and Prosperity

(2.5) Enhance Resilient Transport Connectivity

Conduct a network criticality analysis to prioritize investments in high-poverty areas.
Promote EV adoption and build charging infrastructure through PPPs.

Urgency: Medium-term (3–5 years)
Progress Indicator: % of urban population with access to resilient transport (%), EV adoption rate (%)
Feasibility: High–Medium
Key Actors: Ministry of Technology, Sri Lanka Railwayways

Recommendations:

Improve urban planning to reduce flood risk.
Strengthen enforcement of building codes.

(2.6) Accelerate Access to Water and Sanitation

Expand wastewater treatment and address pollution in urban rivers.
Mobilize private finance for NWSDB upgrades.

Urgency: Medium-term (3–5 years)
Progress Indicator: Access to safely managed water (%) ▲, Sanitation coverage (%) ▲
Feasibility: High–Medium
Key Actors: Ministry of Water Supply, NWSDB, Local governments

Recommendations:

Implement water pricing reforms.
Enhance community-led sanitation programs.

High-Level Objective: Expand Clean Domestic Energy

(3.1) Fully Implement the Electricity Act

Enforce transparent procurement reforms to attract private investment.
Strengthen transmission and distribution infrastructure with grid modernization.

Urgency: Short-term (1–2 years)
Progress Indicator: Renewable energy share of electricity (%) ▲, Private investment in power (USD million) ▲
Feasibility: High–Medium
Key Actors: Ministry of Power and Energy, Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB)

Recommendations:

Update grid codes and use integrated planning software.
Attract FDI through debt-for-nature swaps.

(3.2) Strengthen Hydropower Resilience

Undertake a comprehensive risk assessment of hydropower plants and update water rights regulations.
Promote reforestation in catchment areas to reduce sedimentation.

Urgency: Medium-term (3–5 years)
Progress Indicator: # of hydropower plants with updated risk assessments, Reforestation targets met (ha/year)
Feasibility: Medium–High
Key Actors: Ministry of Environment, National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB)

Recommendations:

Develop emergency response protocols for infrastructure failures.
Align hydropower expansion with climate adaptation plans.

(3.3) Accelerate Clean Transportation

Enact the National E-Mobility Policy by 2025.
Scale up charging infrastructure for buses, two-wheelers, and three-wheelers.

Urgency: Medium-term (3–5 years)
Progress Indicator: % of bus fleet electrified, Charging stations installed (per 100,000 vehicles)
Feasibility: Medium–High
Key Actors: Ministry of Technology, Sri Lanka Transport Board (SLTB)

Recommendations:

Promote public-private partnerships for EV manufacturing.
Ensure equitable access to energy-efficient public transport.

High-Level Objective: Mobilize Private and Climate Finance

(4.1) Establish a Climate Finance Task Force

Define roles for public and private actors and coordinate national climate finance strategies.
Develop bankable projects with international alignment.

Urgency: Short-term (1–2 years)
Progress Indicator: # of thematic bonds issued, Projects financed under national strategy (USD million)
Feasibility: Medium–High
Key Actors: GoSL, Central Bank, Multilateral Development Banks*

Recommendations:

Promote green loans and guarantees for climate investments.
Leverage carbon markets for grant-equivalent finance.

(4.2) Align Financial Sector Strategies

Incorporate climate considerations into SOE and SOFI governance.
Develop climate finance instruments like thematic bonds and insurance.

Urgency: Medium-term (3–5 years)
Progress Indicator: Green finance assets (USD million) ▲, Climate policy alignment score (rating)
Feasibility: Medium
Key Actors: CBSL, Ministry of Finance, Colombo Stock Exchange

Recommendations:

Strengthen SOE reform to prioritize climate goals.
Pilot blended finance for high-risk sectors like agriculture.

(4.3) Strengthen Institutional Capacity

Build capacity in ministries and local governments to manage climate investments.
Enhance data and analytics for climate planning.

Urgency: Short-term (1–2 years)
Progress Indicator: # of climate-focused training programs, Climate risk assessments completed (per department)
Feasibility: Medium–High
Key Actors: Ministry of Finance, Universities, Climate Change Secretariat

Recommendations:

Establish climate change curricula in technical institutions.
Support citizen engagement in climate policy.

High-Level Summary of Recommendations

Objective	Key Actions	Urgency/Funding
Maintain Macroeconomic Stability	• Strengthen FDI policies.<br>• Implement SOE reforms.<br>• Update energy tariffs.	Short-term (1–2 years) / Public
Build Resilient Livelihoods	• Promote integrated landscape management.<br>• Expand water storage and irrigation.<br>• Scale climate-smart agriculture.	Short-term (1–2 years) / Public
Enhance Urban Livability	• Invest in resilient transport and water supply.<br>• Expand green building codes.<br>• Strengthen flood defenses.	Medium-term (3–5 years) / Public
Expand Clean Energy	• Implement the Electricity Act.<br>• Accelerate renewable energy deployment.<br>• Electrify transport.	Short-term (1–2 years) / Private
Mobilize Climate Finance	• Establish a climate finance task force.<br>• Align financial sector strategies.<br>• Leverage international climate funds.	Medium-term (3–5 years) / Mixed

This summary captures the core findings and recommendations of the Sri Lanka Country Climate and Development Report, emphasizing the need for urgent action to build climate resilience while achieving sustainable growth.

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