国际能源署-工业脱碳政策工具箱（英）-2025_186页_3mb

Policy Toolbox for Industrial Decarbonisation Summary

Core Content

The Policy Toolbox for Industrial Decarbonisation is a comprehensive resource developed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to assist governments in designing, implementing, and refining strategies for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the industrial sector. It is part of the Climate Club Work Programme and expands upon the 2022 IEA report on achieving net zero in G7 heavy industry sectors.

The report outlines a structured approach to industrial decarbonisation, grouping policy instruments into three broad areas:

1. Framework Fundamentals
2. Targeted Actions for Specific Technologies and Strategies
3. Necessary Enabling Conditions

These areas encompass nine policy categories that guide governments in selecting and applying appropriate instruments based on their national context and objectives.

Main Categories and Policy Instruments

1. Framework Fundamentals

This area includes policies that set the long-term direction and mobilise financial resources for decarbonisation.

• 1.1 Establishing plans and policy for long-term GHG emission reductions

  • Purpose: Provide stakeholders with a clear, predictable long-term signal for emission reductions.
  • Instruments: Roadmaps, plans, targets (including NDCs), carbon pricing (ETSs, carbon taxes), tradeable performance standards (TPSs), and just transition planning.
  • Key Considerations: These instruments help define the strategic direction and create incentives for market actors. They are often used in conjunction with other tools like carbon pricing or TPSs.

• 1.2 Mobilising finance and investment

  • Purpose: Encourage investment in low-carbon technologies and infrastructure.
  • Instruments: Direct public funding, public equity investment, subsidised interest rates, public guarantees, contracts for difference (CfDs), tax credits, public-private partnerships (PPPs), blended finance, and sustainable investment schemes.
  • Key Considerations: Financial instruments must be designed to align with long-term goals and reduce barriers to investment. They can be used to complement other policy tools.

2. Targeted Actions for Specific Technologies and Strategies

This area focuses on direct interventions to support the development and deployment of low-carbon technologies and strategies.

• 2.1 Managing existing assets and near-term investment

  • Purpose: Address current industrial assets and encourage near-term investment in low-carbon alternatives.
  • Instruments: Retrofit-ready builds, sunset clauses, measures to reduce excess capacity, and CPRs (Carbon Product Requirements).
  • Key Considerations: Policies must consider the lifecycle of existing assets and ensure a smooth transition to cleaner technologies.

• 2.2 Creating a market for near-zero emissions materials production

  • Purpose: Stimulate demand for low-carbon materials.
  • Instruments: Public and private procurement for near-zero emissions, mandates/quotas, embodied carbon limits/taxes, certifications, and product stewardship.
  • Key Considerations: Market mechanisms must be designed to ensure both supply and demand for low-carbon materials.

• 2.3 Developing technologies

  • Purpose: Accelerate the development and demonstration of new low-carbon technologies.
  • Instruments: R&D and demonstration funding, PPPs, innovation networks, and regulatory sandboxes.
  • Key Considerations: Support for early-stage technologies is essential for long-term decarbonisation.

• 2.4 Accelerating material efficiency and circularity

  • Purpose: Promote material efficiency and recycling to reduce emissions.
  • Instruments: Modified design regulations, incentives for extended product lifetimes, demolition/landfilling fees, training programs, and material efficiency awards.
  • Key Considerations: Policies should align with circular economy principles and promote sustainable practices.

3. Necessary Enabling Conditions

This area provides the foundational support needed to implement and monitor decarbonisation policies effectively.

• 3.1 International co-operation and a level playing field

  • Purpose: Ensure fair and effective global collaboration on decarbonisation.
  • Instruments: Carbon border adjustments (CBAs), international technology co-development, multilateral alliances, capacity-building, and international finance.
  • Key Considerations: Harmonisation of standards and regulations across borders is critical for equitable and efficient policy implementation.

• 3.2 Infrastructure planning and development

  • Purpose: Support the development of necessary infrastructure for low-carbon production.
  • Instruments: Coordinated planning, public financing, and streamlined permitting.
  • Key Considerations: Infrastructure must be developed in line with decarbonisation goals and be accessible to all stakeholders.

• 3.3 Tracking progress and improving data

  • Purpose: Improve data collection and reporting for monitoring progress.
  • Instruments: Standards, definitions, certifications, and labelling for low- and near-zero emissions materials.
  • Key Considerations: Transparent and consistent data is essential for policy refinement and international alignment.

Key Indicators for Policy Implementation

The report introduces four key indicators to guide the selection and design of policy instruments:

1. Effectiveness: Measures how well a policy can achieve its intended emissions reduction goals.
2. Simplicity: Refers to the practicality and ease of implementation and enforcement.
3. Stakeholder Acceptability: Evaluates political and social feasibility, including fairness and distributional impacts.
4. Economic Efficiency: Compares the cost of implementation to the expected benefits in terms of emissions reduction.

These indicators help policy makers assess and design instruments that are both impactful and feasible.

Conclusion

The Policy Toolbox for Industrial Decarbonisation serves as a guide for governments and stakeholders to develop and implement effective strategies for reducing industrial emissions. It is technology-agnostic, adaptable to different national contexts, and emphasizes the importance of stakeholder collaboration and international coordination. The toolbox includes practical examples and best practices from various countries, offering a flexible and informative resource for policymakers.