促进“一带一路”倡议绿色发展：发挥金融和技术的作用，推动低碳基础设施建设（英文）-36页_6mb

Summary of "Advancing the Green Development of the Belt and Road Initiative: Harnessing Finance and Technology to Scale Up Low-Carbon Infrastructure"

Core Content

This report discusses the role of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in advancing green development, emphasizing the need for low-carbon infrastructure to address climate change and support economic recovery. It highlights the importance of financial and technological collaboration in scaling up sustainable projects in emerging and developing economies (EMDEs).

Main Points

1. Climate Change and the Urgency for Green Infrastructure

• Climate change is one of humanity's greatest challenges, with global warming expected to reach 2.4°C by the end of the century even with full implementation of the 2030 NDCs, far exceeding the Paris Agreement goal of well below 2°C.
• The Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26) called for increased climate ambition, including a phasedown of coal, greater methane emission reductions, and the development of carbon markets.
• EMDEs are under pressure to decarbonize due to rising energy demand and the need to avoid irreversible carbon lock-in.

2. The Role of the BRI in Green Development

• The BRI is a major global infrastructure initiative, with China as the leading investor and partner.
• By 2021, China had signed BRI agreements with 140 countries, covering a population of 3.5 billion and a GDP of $17 trillion.
• The BRI offers a platform to deploy low-carbon technologies in EMDEs, including solar, wind, battery storage, and electric vehicles (EVs).
• China is a world leader in the production of solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, and EVs, which can support the global energy transition.

3. The Green Investment Principles (GIP) for the BRI

• Launched in 2018 by the China Society for Finance and Banking and the City of London's Green Finance Initiative, the GIP aims to accelerate green finance flows and support the BRI's decarbonization goals.
• As of 2021, 41 signatories and 12 supporters from 15 countries have joined the GIP, with 50% developing or developing policies to phase out coal.
• The GIP's Vision 2023 action plan requires signatories to set ambitious green investment targets and invest in BRI green projects.

Key Technologies and Innovations

2.1 Low-Carbon Energy Technologies

• Solar and Wind Power:

  • The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for solar and wind is now competitive with fossil fuels.
  • China has installed 36% of the world's solar PV capacity and 39% of the world's wind power capacity.
  • JinkoSolar has expanded its South-East Asia solar PV supply chain, including a $500 million 7 GW manufacturing facility in Vietnam.
  • CSP (Concentrated Solar Power) is still in early stages but can provide 24-hour clean electricity when combined with PV, as seen in Dubai's Noor Energy I project.

• Battery Storage:

  • Utility-scale battery storage is critical for grid stability and integrating VRE (variable renewable energy).
  • Battery prices have dropped 89% from 2010–2020, and are expected to reach $58/kWh by 2030.
  • China Huaneng Group financed and built Europe's largest battery storage project in the UK, supporting the shift to renewables.

2.2 Low-Carbon Transportation Technologies

• Electric Vehicles (EVs):
  • EVs are expected to account for 100% of new car sales by 2035 under the IEA's NZE scenario.
  • Chinese companies are leading in EV production and deployment, including 98% of the world's e-buses.
  • Santiago, Chile is using a public-private partnership (PPP) model to electrify its bus fleet, with 433 e-buses and charging infrastructure supported by Société Générale and BYD.

2.3 Emerging Technologies and Innovation

• Green Hydrogen:

  • Green hydrogen can address sectors difficult to decarbonize, such as maritime shipping and industrial processes.
  • China's 14th Five-Year Plan includes hydrogen as a key industry for incubation and demonstration projects.
  • Over one-third of China's SOEs are involved in various stages of the hydrogen value chain.

• Resource-Efficient Smart Industrial Parks:

  • The Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) is a model of sustainable industrial development, with 75% of its energy coming from clean sources.
  • SIP uses a circular economy model to reuse industrial by-products, offsetting 8,000 tonnes of CO₂ emissions annually.

• Agriculture, Forestry, and Desert Land Reclamation:

  • The Kubuqi model is an example of successful desert reclamation and afforestation in China, which can be applied through the BRI.
  • The Hevea Connect platform, developed by Halcyon Agri, DBS, and Itochu, promotes sustainable natural rubber through traceability and supply-chain visibility.

Financial Sector and Policy Support

• Financial institutions are increasingly adopting climate risk frameworks such as the TCFD and GIP to reduce exposure to carbon-intensive sectors.
• Green finance mechanisms, including green bonds and loans, are growing but remain in early stages.
• Policy alignment is crucial to support green investment, especially in EMDEs.
• Taxonomy and standards for green finance are being developed globally, with blue bonds and transition bonds emerging to address specific climate themes.

Conclusion

• The BRI has the potential to drive low-carbon infrastructure development in EMDEs.
• Green finance and technology innovation are essential to scale up sustainable projects.
• Collaboration between governments, financial institutions, and private sector actors is necessary to achieve climate resilience and sustainable development.
• This report serves as a call to action for further knowledge development and implementation of green initiatives to protect the planet and build a sustainable future.