2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Romania_Country_Profile_2013_15页_1mb

Romania Country Profile 2013 Summary

Core Content Overview

The Romania Country Profile 2013 is part of the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank and its partners, including the International Finance Corporation (IFC). These surveys provide a comprehensive analysis of the business environment in Romania, comparing it to regional and income group averages. The report covers key indicators related to business environment obstacles, average firm characteristics, infrastructure, trade, regulations and taxes, corruption, crime and informality, finance, and innovation and workforce.

Main Points

• Region: Eastern Europe & Central Asia
• Income Group: Upper middle income
• Population: 21,326,905
• GNI per capita: US$8,420.00

The Enterprise Surveys are based on a representative sample of firms in the non-agricultural formal private economy, and they are repeated over time to track changes and benchmark the impact of reforms on firms.

Key Business Environment Obstacles

The report highlights several major obstacles that firms in Romania face:

• Corruption: A significant issue, with firms often required to make informal payments.
• Regulatory and licensing procedures: Time-consuming and costly.
• Crime and informality: Impact firm operations and increase security costs.
• Infrastructure deficiencies: Power outages, water shortages, and delays in obtaining connections.

Average Firm Characteristics

• Age of firms: On average, firms in Romania are 14.5 years old.
• Female participation: 20.1% of firms have a female top manager, and 47% have female participation in ownership.
• Ownership structure: 87.3% of firms are privately domestic, 10.3% are privately foreign, and 2.4% are other types.
• Workforce composition: 41.8% of full-time workers are female, and firms use a mix of temporary and permanent workers.

Infrastructure Indicators

• Power outages: 1.4 per month, with 0.7% of sales lost due to outages.
• Water shortages: 0.7 per month, with an average duration of 0.3 hours.
• Delays in infrastructure services: 51.7 days for electrical connections, 23 days for water connections, and N/A for telephone connections.

Trade Indicators

• Exporter firms: 25.1% of firms export directly or indirectly.
• Use of foreign inputs: 76.5% of firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.
• Customs clearance: Average of 1.1 days for direct exports and 2.2 days for imports.
• Transport losses: 0.0% of exports lost to theft and 0.0% due to breakage or spoilage.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Time spent on government regulation: Senior management spends 15.8% of their time dealing with regulatory requirements.
• Tax inspections: Average of 1.3 visits or meetings with tax officials.
• Legal forms: 98.1% of firms are closed shareholding companies, while only 0.6% are open shareholding companies.
• Permits and licenses: It takes 21.4 days to obtain an import license and 127.2 days for a construction-related permit.

Corruption Indicators

• Graft Index: 5.7% of firms reported being asked or expected to pay a bribe.
• Gifts to tax inspectors: 6.8% of firms expect to give gifts.
• Gifts for government contracts: 7.0% of firms expect to give gifts.
• Gifts for construction permits: 12.9% of firms expect to give gifts.
• Gifts for import licenses: 0.0% of firms expect to give gifts.
• Gifts for operating licenses: 5.8% of firms expect to give gifts.

Crime and Informality Indicators

• Perception of fair court system: 51.8% of firms believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.
• Security costs: 1.2% of sales.
• Losses due to crime: 0.4% of sales.
• Formal registration: 95.9% of firms are formally registered upon starting operations.

Finance Indicators

• Internal finance for investment: 72.7% of firms rely on internal funds.
• Bank finance for investment: 14.6% of firms use bank financing.
• Trade credit for investment: 2.9% of firms use trade credit.
• Equity and stock sales: 4.6% of firms use equity or stock sales.
• Other financing: 5.2% of firms use other methods.
• External working capital financing: 33.2% of firms use external financing.
• Collateral needed for loans: 186.8% of the loan amount.
• Bank loans/lines of credit: 47.4% of firms have access to bank loans.
• Checking or savings accounts: 49.4% of firms have these accounts.

Innovation and Workforce Indicators

• International quality certification: 34.4% of firms have such certification.
• External financial statement review: 36.5% of firms have their financial statements reviewed by an external auditor.
• Use of websites: 67.8% of firms use their own websites.
• Use of email: 89.2% of firms use email for communication.
• Temporary workers: Average of 0.5 temporary workers per firm.
• Permanent, full-time workers: Average of 22.9 full-time workers per firm.
• Female full-time workers: 41.8% of full-time workers are female.

Key Takeaways

• Romania's business environment is influenced by a mix of regulatory, infrastructural, and informal challenges.
• Corruption remains a concern, though less prevalent than in some other regions.
• The private sector is predominantly composed of domestic firms, with a high percentage of firms relying on internal finance.
• Infrastructure and regulatory processes are major constraints for firms, particularly for larger ones.
• There is a moderate level of innovation and digital communication use among firms.
• Female participation in management and ownership is relatively high compared to regional averages.