【国际劳工组织（ILO）】2023家政工人体面工作之路报告_54页_2mb

Summary of "The Road to Decent Work for Domestic Workers"

Core Content

This document, The Road to Decent Work for Domestic Workers, is a report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) published in 2023. It summarizes the findings from the ILO's 2021 report, Making Decent Work a Reality for Domestic Workers, and provides a concise overview of the current state of decent work for domestic workers globally. The report emphasizes the need for legal and policy reforms to improve working conditions and ensure equal treatment for domestic workers.

Main Points

1. Definition and Global Presence of Domestic Workers

• Domestic workers are defined as those who work in or for a household on an occupational basis.
• They are key members of the care economy, providing direct and indirect care services.
• In 2019, at least 75.6 million people over the age of 14 were employed as domestic workers globally.
• Domestic work accounts for 4.5% of all employment worldwide.
• The sector is female-dominated, with women representing 76.2% of all domestic workers, though men are also significant in certain regions.

2. Employment Forms and Trends

• Domestic workers may be employed on an hourly, daily, or monthly basis, and may live in or out of the household.
• They can be employed directly by households or through service providers, including digital platforms.
• The number of digital platforms in the domestic work sector has increased eightfold from 2010 to 2020.
• In the United States, 57% of domestic workers are employed through service providers.
• In Thailand, Cambodia, and Nepal, over 30% of domestic workers are employed via service providers.
• In the European Union, 70% of domestic workers are employed by public or private organizations.

3. Decent Work and Legal Standards

• The Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189) and Recommendation, 2011 (No. 201) are the first international legal instruments specifically addressing domestic work.
• These instruments recognize the economic and social value of domestic work and ensure that domestic workers have the same rights as other workers.
• The components of decent work include:
  • Safe work
  • Adequate earnings
  • Decent working time
  • Stability and security of work
  • Social dialogue
  • Equal opportunity treatment
  • Social security
  • Work-life balance
  • Abolishing child and forced labour

4. Informality in Domestic Work

• 80% of domestic workers are informally employed, lacking access to social security.
• Informality is more common in Asia and the Pacific and Arab States.
• The percentage of informal employment among domestic workers is twice that of other employees globally.
• Informality is strongly associated with low wages, irregular working hours, and lack of legal protections.

5. Labour Law Coverage

• 88% of countries reviewed include domestic work in their general or specific labour laws.
• However, 36.1% of domestic workers are wholly excluded from legal protections.
• Key legal exclusions include:
  • Limiting normal weekly hours of work (48.9% excluded)
  • Providing weekly rest (37.3% excluded)
  • Paid annual leave (36.4% excluded)
  • Minimum wage (34.2% not entitled)
  • Social security (50.1% not entitled)
• In Asia and the Pacific, 61.5% of domestic workers are excluded from general labour laws.
• In the Arab States, 94% are excluded, with coverage only through subordinate regulations.
• In Africa, 37% are excluded, but 45% are covered under less favourable conditions.

6. Social Security Coverage

• The ILO's Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102) outlines nine key branches of social security.
• 60.7% of the 168 countries reviewed provide some legal coverage for domestic workers.
• Globally, 49.9% of domestic workers are covered by at least one branch of social security by law.
• Pension coverage is the most common form of social security for domestic workers, covering 45.4%.
• Unemployment benefits are the least common, covering 28.6%.
• Maternity protection is a critical concern, with 46.5% of women domestic workers excluded from maternity leave provisions and 47.6% from maternity cash benefits.

7. Working Conditions and Wages

• Domestic workers earn 56.4% of the average monthly wage of other employees.
• Women domestic workers earn 50.5%, while men earn 67.3%.
• Informal domestic workers earn 49% of the average wage of other employees and 37.6% of formal employees.
• Female informal domestic workers earn only 35.1% of formal employees' average wages.
• Live-in domestic workers are particularly vulnerable, working long hours and often receiving in-kind compensation.

8. Working Time

• 64% of domestic workers globally work outside the normal weekly working hours.
• They are more likely to work very short or very long hours compared to other employees.
• In high-income countries, about half of domestic workers work less than 35 hours per week.

9. Occupational Safety and Health

• Domestic workers often face poor working conditions, which contribute to informality.
• There is a lack of occupational safety and health protections, especially for pregnant workers.
• The absence of maternity care and health protection during pregnancy can lead to serious risks for both the mother and the baby.

10. Violence and Harassment

• Violence and harassment are significant issues in the domestic work sector.
• These problems are often linked to informal employment and lack of legal protection.

11. The Way Forward

• The report outlines five steps to achieve decent work for domestic workers.

• These include:

  1. Assessing the sources of informality.
  2. Closing legal and implementation gaps.
  3. Ensuring equal treatment and protection.
  4. Promoting formal employment practices.
  5. Strengthening social dialogue and policy coordination.

• It emphasizes the need for concrete tools to assess informality and measures to promote formalization.

• The ILO encourages governments, employers, and workers' organizations to work together to improve conditions.

Key Information

• Global Trends: Domestic work is in high demand due to demographic changes and inequality.
• Gender Disparities: Women dominate the sector, but men are overrepresented in certain regions.
• Legal and Implementation Gaps: Many countries lack comprehensive legal coverage for domestic workers, especially in Asia and the Pacific and Arab States.
• Social Security: Only 27.9% of domestic workers in Asia and the Pacific and 3.8% in Arab States are covered by social security.
• Wage Inequality: Domestic workers earn significantly less than other employees, with informal workers earning the least.
• Need for Reform: The report calls for legal reforms, better implementation, and greater inclusion of domestic workers in social protection systems.

Conclusion

The ILO report highlights the persistent challenges faced by domestic workers in terms of legal recognition, social security, wages, and working conditions. It underscores the importance of formalization, equal treatment, and effective implementation of existing standards to ensure decent work for all domestic workers. The report serves as a roadmap for policymakers and stakeholders to improve the situation and align with international standards.