2022-12-27-欧洲安全研究所-2022年欧洲安全年鉴（英）_206页_7mb

Summary of the 2022 Yearbook of European Security

The 2022 Yearbook of European Security provides a comprehensive overview of the EU’s security and defence activities in 2021, focusing on external actions, regional conflicts, defence cooperation, and evolving challenges. Below is a structured summary of key developments:

Introduction to 2021

• The EU grappled with the COVID-19 pandemic, multilateralism, climate change, and security threats, including hybrid warfare and terrorism.
• Key priorities included safeguarding human rights, advancing multilateralism, and consolidating the Green Deal while ensuring strategic autonomy.

Geopolitical Tensions and EU Responses

• Russia-Ukraine-Crimea: Ongoing military build-up near Ukraine, sanctions, and the annexation of Crimea. The EU strengthened civil-military cooperation and deployed missions like EUTM Mali and EUCAP Somalia.
• Belarus: Hybrid tactics at Europe’s borders drew heavy sanctions and a civilian-military focus on border management and rule of law upholding.
• China: Extraterritorial sanctions, cyberattacks, and human rights issues strained relations. The EU re-engaged under the Indo-Pacific Strategy and criticised Xinjiang policies.

EU-US Relations

• Launched the EU-US Trade and Technology Council to counter economic coercion. Joint efforts on climate, security, and pandemic response reinforced transatlantic bonds.

Regional Instability

• Sahel and Horn of Africa: Islamist militancy, drought, and migration crises worsened. Missions like EUTM Mozambique and EUNAVFOR IRINI pivoted to counter-terrorism and resource scarcity.
• Middle East: Israel-Palestine conflict escalated. Libya’s instability and Yemen’s war diverted EU focus, hindering Gulf crisis resolutions.
• North Africa: Algeria's human rights erosion raised EU concerns. Tunisia’s slide into authoritarianism limited democratic oversight.

Security and Defence Architecture

• Strategic Compass: Postponed due to complexity but remains a cornerstone for the EU's long-term defence prioritisation (2022-2030).
• PESCO and EPF: New projects (e.g., SATOC, DoSA) advanced military mobility and space capabilities. Sanctions updates against China bolstered cyber resilience.
• CSDP Missions: Operations in Mali, Somalia, and the Sahel adapted to new hybrid threats and climate vulnerabilities.
• Green Defence: Integral climate goals merged with security planning (e.g., space sustainability and naval presence).

Hybrid Threats and Cybersecurity

• Hybrid warfare in Belarus and Russia, alongside COVID-19 disinformation campaigns, tested the EU’s resilience. The ENISA 2021 Report underscored ransomware and AI-enabled disinfo as key threats.

Conclusion: Europe’s Position in a Multipolar World

• 2021 solidified the EU’s foundational global role but exposed the need to refine tools for strategic autonomy, multilateralism, and actionable defence synergies. The year’s complexity underscored the EU’s commitment to balancing interests with shared values.