2006年-世界发展银行全球_Scaling_Up_Marine_Management___The_Role_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_120页_4mb

Summary of Scaling Up Marine Management: The Role of Marine Protected Areas

Core Content

This report, Scaling Up Marine Management: The Role of Marine Protected Areas, examines the effectiveness and scalability of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in coastal and marine management. It evaluates the role of MPAs in biodiversity conservation, sustainable resource use, and the broader context of coastal governance, with a focus on three countries: the Philippines, Chile, and Brazil. The report also explores alternative management tools and the integration of MPAs into larger frameworks such as Integrated Coastal Management (ICM).

Main Objectives

• To assess the factors that determine the success of MPAs.
• To identify opportunities for scaling up MPA coverage.
• To explore the role of MPAs and other tools in addressing biodiversity loss and fisheries degradation.
• To provide recommendations for the World Bank and its partners on supporting MPA expansion and effective management.

Key Findings

1. Open Access and Resource Degradation

• Open access is a major driver of degradation in coastal commons.
• It is prevalent in small-scale fisheries, leading to overexploitation and the "tragedy of the commons."
• Over 90% of marine catch in many countries is produced in near-shore waters where open access is common.

2. Governance and Legal Frameworks

• Effective governance systems are essential for managing access and use of marine resources.
• Legal frameworks must support the transition from open access to managed systems.
• MPAs require enforceable and culturally acceptable governance structures that can accommodate diverse marine environments.

3. MPA Success and Challenges

• MPAs are fragile governance structures and require ongoing stakeholder participation and adequate resources for enforcement.
• Social equity and community buy-in are crucial for the long-term success of MPAs.
• MPAs must be socially acceptable, offering viable alternatives to communities that may need to relocate or diversify.

4. Cost and Funding

• Establishing and maintaining MPAs is expensive.
• Most developing countries rely on external donor support for MPA establishment.
• Internal funding mechanisms are limited, and recurrent costs are often not covered by public budgets.

5. Need for Integration

• MPAs cannot function in isolation; they must be integrated into broader coastal and marine governance frameworks.
• ICM is highlighted as the only framework capable of addressing externalities at large scales, thereby buffering MPAs from external threats.

6. MPA Typology and Objectives

• MPAs and other coastal management tools can be categorized based on their objectives and structure.
• The typology distinguishes between "protection" and "sustainable use" as primary goals.
• Some tools, such as Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABRs) in Chile, focus on sustainable use rather than strict protection.

7. Role of Science and Traditional Knowledge

• Marine science and traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) are vital for MPA design, implementation, and monitoring.
• Traditional knowledge, especially in local tenure systems, can enhance the effectiveness of marine management by aligning with cultural and social practices.

8. Social and Economic Benefits

• MPAs can provide social and economic benefits to local communities, including improved livelihoods, cultural cohesion, and social empowerment.
• They contribute to purchasing power and community decision-making, which are essential for gaining public support.

9. Country-Specific Insights

• Philippines: The report highlights the importance of community-based MPAs and the need for better integration with larger management systems.
• Chile: MEABRs are a key tool for managing benthic resources and have shown promise in reducing overfishing and promoting sustainable practices.
• Brazil: Marine extractive reserves (MERs) are designed to protect traditional communities and their informal use rights, offering a model for balancing conservation and livelihoods.

10. Scaling Up MPAs

• Scaling up MPAs to meet international targets (e.g., 20-30% coverage by 2012) is challenging due to the high costs, lack of political will, and resistance to no-take zones.
• Alternative tools and frameworks, such as ICM, are necessary to complement MPAs and support sustainable marine management at larger scales.

Recommendations

• Strengthen Governance: Develop enforceable and culturally appropriate governance systems for MPAs.
• Enhance Community Participation: Ensure that local communities are involved in MPA design and management to promote social acceptance and equity.
• Integrate MPAs with ICM: Use ICM as a platform for scaling up MPA efforts and addressing broader coastal and marine challenges.
• Explore Alternative Financing: Diversify funding mechanisms, including trust funds, user fees, and green taxes, to support MPA establishment and maintenance.
• Support Traditional Knowledge: Incorporate traditional environmental knowledge into MPA planning and management to improve effectiveness and cultural relevance.
• Promote Multiuse MPAs: Encourage the development of multiuse MPAs that balance conservation with sustainable resource use.

Conclusion

MPAs are a critical tool for marine conservation and sustainable resource management, but their success depends on effective governance, community involvement, and integration with broader management frameworks. While scaling up MPAs is necessary to meet global conservation targets, it must be done in a socially and economically equitable manner. The report emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that includes ICM, stakeholder engagement, and the use of both scientific and traditional knowledge to achieve meaningful and lasting marine protection.