2018-弹性供水与卫生服务_以日本为例（英文版）-3mb

Summary of RESILIENT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES: THE CASE OF JAPAN

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of Japan's resilient water supply and sanitation (WSS) services, highlighting the legal, institutional, and practical frameworks that have enabled these services to withstand natural disasters. It also offers lessons and best practices for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) aiming to integrate disaster risk management (DRM) into their WSS systems.

Main Objectives

• To share the policy framework and practices of Japan's WSS services in building resilience against natural disasters.
• To provide insights from case studies of six major urban WSS utilities in Japan.
• To offer recommendations for policymakers and utilities to mainstream DRM into WSS services.

Key Case Study Cities

The following six cities are highlighted in the report as case studies:

• Fukuoka City
• Hiroshima City
• Kobe City
• Kumamoto City
• Sendai City
• Tokyo Metropolis

Each city has implemented measures to enhance the resilience of its WSS services in response to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, landslides, and tsunamis.

Main Points and Lessons Learned

1. Legal and Institutional Frameworks

• Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (1961): Provides a comprehensive legal basis for DRM, covering all phases from risk identification to recovery.
• Waterworks Act (1957) and Sewerage Act (1958): Regulate the design, construction, and operation of WSS services.
• National and Local Coordination: All 47 prefectures have developed disaster management plans, which are adapted at the municipal level.
• Public Utilities: WSS services are managed by public utilities, with oversight from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) for water supply and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) for sewerage.
• Subsidy Programs: The central government provides financial support and contingency funds to help utilities manage and recover from disasters.

2. Systems Planning

• Master Plans: Municipalities develop WSS system master plans aligned with citywide master plans.
• Redundancy: Systems are designed with redundancy to ensure continuity of service during and after disasters.
• "Build Back Better": Lessons from past disasters are integrated into post-disaster reconstruction plans.

3. Engineering Design and Materials

• Risk-Based Reinforcement: Infrastructure is reinforced based on risk assessments.
• Internalization of DRM: DRM investments are integrated into regular maintenance budgets.
• Stormwater Drainage Optimization: Iterative planning improves drainage capacity to mitigate flood impacts.
• Topography-Oriented Networks: Sewer networks are designed to maintain functionality even when pump stations are damaged.

4. Asset Management

• Continuous Review: Asset management systems allow for continuous performance evaluation and investment prioritization.
• Integration with O&M: DRM is embedded in daily operations and maintenance to identify and mitigate risks.
• GIS Database: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used for asset visualization, risk estimation, and planning.
• Efficient Water Distribution: Systems are designed to control water quality and leakage effectively.

5. Contingency Programming

• BCM and BCP: Business continuity management and planning are institutionalized to ensure rapid service restoration.
• Emergency Operations Manual: Developed for water treatment plants and headquarters.
• Material Storage: Critical materials and equipment are stored in municipal buildings.
• Mutual Aid Agreements: Framework contracts are prepared with external entities for emergency response.
• Early Warning Systems: Emergency water storage and early warning systems are developed to support pipeline distribution.
• Community Engagement: Local communities are trained and involved in emergency water supply.
• Emergency Communication: Systems are established to disseminate disaster-related information quickly.

Key Recommendations

Legal and Institutional

• Incorporate DRM into WSS regulations, including performance objectives, engineering design, O&M, emergency response, and recovery.
• Ensure a clear legal structure for DRM coordination and enforcement.

Systems Planning

• Develop a WSS system master plan aligned with citywide planning.
• Create system redundancy to ensure service availability and reliability.
• Use "build back better" principles in post-disaster reconstruction.

Engineering Design and Materials

• Plan and prioritize reinforcement of critical infrastructure based on risk assessments.
• Internalize DRM investments in regular maintenance.
• Optimize stormwater drainage and design topography-oriented sewer networks.

Asset Management

• Integrate DRM into improved asset management systems.
• Use GIS databases for asset visualization and risk estimation.
• Develop efficient water distribution and leakage control systems.

Contingency Programming

• Institutionalize BCM and BCP to maintain and restore essential WSS services.
• Prepare emergency operation manuals and mutual aid agreements.
• Establish early warning and emergency water storage systems.
• Train communities and set up emergency communication systems.

Conclusion

Japan has developed a robust legal and institutional framework for WSS services, supported by comprehensive systems planning, resilient engineering design, and proactive asset management. These efforts have been further strengthened by the implementation of contingency programming and community engagement. The country's experience demonstrates that integrating DRM into WSS services is essential for maintaining service continuity and ensuring sustainable development, especially in the face of climate change and natural disasters.