国际劳工组织：2022-2023年全球工资报告_148页_5mb

Global Wage Report 2022-23: The Impact of Inflation and COVID-19 on Wages and Purchasing Power

Core Content

The Global Wage Report 2022-23 is the eighth edition of the ILO's annual report, examining the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global cost-of-living crisis on wages and purchasing power across countries and regions. It highlights how these dual crises have led to a negative real wage growth globally for the first time in this century, while real productivity continues to grow, widening the gap between productivity and wage growth.

Main Findings

1. Global Real Wage Trends

• Real wage growth turned negative in 2022 for the first time since 2008.
• Excluding China, real wage growth fell by -1.4% in the first half of 2022.
• In G20 advanced economies, real wage growth declined to -2.2% in the first half of 2022.
• In emerging G20 economies, wage growth slowed to 0.8% in the first half of 2022, remaining positive.

2. Impact of the Pandemic on Wages

• Wage losses during the pandemic were significant, especially for low-income households.
• Job losses and changes in employment composition (e.g., more high-wage jobs retained) led to increased average wages in some countries.
• Low-wage workers and those in the informal economy were disproportionately affected.
• The total wage bill declined by 1–26% in 20 of 28 countries studied, with an average decline of 6.2%.

3. Inflation's Impact on Purchasing Power

• Inflation has had a greater effect on low-wage households, which spend a larger share of their income on essential goods (e.g., food, housing, transport).
• In Mexico, the lowest 10% of households spent 42% of their income on food, while the top 10% spent only 14%.
• The cost of living increased more rapidly for low-income households than for high-income ones, with a difference of 1–4 percentage points.
• Minimum wages have lost real value in several countries due to accelerating inflation, even when measured against the CPI.

4. Gender Disparities in Wage Trends

• Women and men experienced different impacts on their total wage bills.
• In 2020, the total wage bill for women fell by 4 weeks of wages, while for men it fell by 2 weeks.
• In 2021, the total wage bill for women fell by 2 weeks, and for men by 1 week.
• The gender pay gap has been affected by inflation and employment changes, with women's wages declining more sharply in some countries.

5. Wage Inequality

• Wage inequality has increased both between and within countries.
• The composition effect (shift in employment structure) and structural changes in the labor market contributed to this trend.
• In G20 countries, the real hourly wage inequality (D9/D1 ratio) decreased in some, but increased in others, especially due to informal employment and inflationary pressures.

6. Policy Implications

• The report emphasizes the need for adequate wage policies to mitigate income inequality and support workers.
• Macroeconomic policies and labor market institutions must be strengthened.
• Social protection and support for vulnerable households are critical during periods of high inflation.
• Gender-specific policies are needed to address the gender pay gap.
• Multilateral cooperation is essential to address global wage challenges and ensure inclusive economic recovery.

Key Information

• Real wage growth has become negative globally for the first time since 2008.
• Productivity growth has continued to rise, creating a wider gap between productivity and wage growth.
• Low-wage workers, women, and those in the informal economy have been most affected by the dual crises.
• Inflation has disproportionately impacted low-income households, reducing their purchasing power.
• The total wage bill in many countries declined by up to 26% in 2020.
• Minimum wages have lost real value in several countries due to inflation.
• The gender pay gap has widened in some countries, with women’s wages declining more than men’s.
• Global inequality is increasing, with the cost-of-living crisis exacerbating economic and social disparities.
• Policy recommendations include:
  • Strengthening labor market institutions.
  • Implementing targeted social support for vulnerable groups.
  • Addressing the gender pay gap through policy reforms.
  • Promoting multilateral cooperation to tackle global wage challenges.

Conclusion

The Global Wage Report 2022-23 underscores the deepening inequality and decline in purchasing power due to the combined impact of the pandemic and inflation. It calls for urgent policy responses to protect workers, reduce inequality, and ensure sustainable economic recovery. The report highlights the importance of multilateralism in addressing global wage challenges and promoting social justice and economic resilience.